feat: add WebRTC streaming via str0m + portal session persistence

- Add src/webrtc.rs: HTTP signaling server + str0m Sans-IO WebRTC transport
  with H.264 Annex-B → RTP packetization and key-frame request handling
- avhw: introduce FrameOutput enum (Muxer | Channel) so SwEncState can
  output to either MP4 muxer or crossbeam channel for WebRTC
- cap_portal: support portal session restore tokens (PersistMode::ExplicitlyRevoked)
  to skip re-authorization dialog; add --no-persist flag to force fresh dialog
- args: make --output optional when --port is used for WebRTC mode
- state_portal: integrate WebRTC pipeline (encoder channel → RTP forwarding)
  with shorter GOP for WebRTC (fps/2, min 10)
- main: redirect tracing to stderr; validate --output or --port required
- Add dependencies: str0m 0.20, serde_json 1, dirs 6

Cargo.toml

@@ -20,7 +20,11 @@ drm = "0.12"
 drm-fourcc = "2"
 libc = "0.2"
 ashpd = { version = "0.13", features = ["tokio", "screencast"] }
+zbus = { version = "5", default-features = false, features = ["tokio"] }
 tokio = { version = "1", features = ["rt"] }
-pipewire = "0.9"
+pipewire = { version = "0.9", features = ["v0_3_45"] }
 libspa = "0.9"
 crossbeam-channel = "0.5"
+str0m = "0.20"
+serde_json = "1"
+dirs = "6"

examples/list_globals.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use wayland_client::globals::registry_queue_init;
+use wayland_client::globals::GlobalListContents;
+use wayland_client::protocol::wl_registry::{Event, WlRegistry};
+use wayland_client::{Connection, Dispatch, QueueHandle};
+
+struct Ls;
+
+impl Dispatch<WlRegistry, GlobalListContents> for Ls {
+    fn event(
+        _state: &mut Self,
+        _registry: &WlRegistry,
+        _event: Event,
+        _data: &GlobalListContents,
+        _conn: &Connection,
+        _qhandle: &QueueHandle<Self>,
+    ) {
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let conn = Connection::connect_to_env().unwrap();
+    let (globals, _queue) = registry_queue_init::<Ls>(&conn).unwrap();
+    for g in globals.contents().clone_list() {
+        println!("{}: {} v{}", g.name, g.interface, g.version);
+    }
+}

examples/test_portal.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+use ashpd::desktop::screencast::{CursorMode, Screencast, SelectSourcesOptions, SourceType};
+use ashpd::desktop::PersistMode;
+use ashpd::enumflags2::BitFlags;
+
+fn main() {
+    let rt = tokio::runtime::Runtime::new().unwrap();
+    rt.block_on(async {
+        eprintln!("1. Creating Screencast proxy...");
+        let proxy = match Screencast::new().await {
+            Ok(p) => {
+                eprintln!("   OK");
+                p
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                eprintln!("   FAIL: {e}");
+                return;
+            }
+        };
+
+        eprintln!("2. Creating session...");
+        let session = match proxy.create_session(Default::default()).await {
+            Ok(s) => {
+                eprintln!("   OK");
+                s
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                eprintln!("   FAIL: {e}");
+                return;
+            }
+        };
+
+        eprintln!("3. Selecting sources...");
+        let sources: BitFlags<SourceType> = SourceType::Monitor.into();
+        let result = proxy
+            .select_sources(
+                &session,
+                SelectSourcesOptions::default()
+                    .set_cursor_mode(CursorMode::Embedded)
+                    .set_sources(sources)
+                    .set_multiple(false)
+                    .set_persist_mode(PersistMode::DoNot),
+            )
+            .await;
+        match result {
+            Ok(_) => eprintln!("   OK"),
+            Err(e) => {
+                eprintln!("   FAIL: {e}");
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        eprintln!("4. Starting (should show dialog)...");
+        let response = match proxy.start(&session, None, Default::default()).await {
+            Ok(r) => {
+                eprintln!("   OK");
+                r
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                eprintln!("   FAIL: {e}");
+                return;
+            }
+        };
+        match response.response() {
+            Ok(r) => eprintln!("   Got {} stream(s)", r.streams().len()),
+            Err(e) => eprintln!("   Response error: {e}"),
+        }
+    });
+}

src/args.rs

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ use clap::Parser;
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, Clone)]
 #[command(name = "wl-webrtc", about = "Wayland screen capture and encoding tool")]
 pub struct Args {
-    /// Output file path (e.g., output.mp4, output.mkv)
+    /// Output file path (e.g., output.mp4, output.mkv). Optional when using --port for WebRTC mode
     #[arg(short, long)]
-    pub output: String,
+    pub output: Option<String>,
 
     /// Wayland output name to capture
     #[arg(long)]
@@ -43,7 +43,11 @@ pub struct Args {
     #[arg(long)]
     pub backend: Option<String>,
 
-    /// Port for WebTransport server (Phase 2, unused in MVP)
+    /// Port for WebRTC HTTP signaling server; 0 keeps MP4 file output mode
     #[arg(long, default_value_t = 0)]
     pub port: u16,
+
+    /// Force re-authorization dialog (ignore saved portal restore token)
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub no_persist: bool,
 }

src/avhw.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 use std::ffi::CString;
+use std::mem;
+use std::os::fd::{AsRawFd, RawFd};
+use std::os::raw::c_void;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::ptr;
 
@@ -7,6 +10,7 @@ use ffmpeg_next as ff;
 use ffmpeg_next::ffi;
 use ffmpeg_next::packet::Mut as _;
 
+use crate::cap_portal::PwDmaBufFrame;
 use crate::transform::{transpose_if_transform_transposed, Transform};
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -123,6 +127,128 @@ impl Drop for AvHwFrameCtx {
     }
 }
 
+/// Test whether `drm_device` can import the PipeWire DMA-BUF frame via VAAPI.
+pub fn test_dma_buf_import(drm_device: &Path, frame: &PwDmaBufFrame) -> Result<()> {
+    let hw_dev = AvHwDevCtx::new_vaapi(drm_device)?;
+    let frames =
+        AvHwFrameCtx::for_capture(&hw_dev, frame.width, frame.height, ff::format::Pixel::BGRA)?;
+
+    // SAFETY: frames is a live VAAPI frames context; frame carries valid DMA-BUF metadata.
+    unsafe {
+        import_dma_buf_to_vaapi(
+            frames.as_ptr(),
+            frame.fd.as_raw_fd(),
+            frame.width,
+            frame.height,
+            frame.format,
+            frame.modifier,
+            frame.stride,
+            frame.offset,
+        )
+    }?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Import a DMA-BUF into a VAAPI hardware frame via zero-copy `av_hwframe_map`.
+///
+/// # Safety
+/// - `frames_ctx` must point to an initialized AVHWCramesContext for VAAPI
+/// - `raw_fd` must be a valid DMA-BUF file descriptor
+pub unsafe fn import_dma_buf_to_vaapi(
+    frames_ctx: *mut ffi::AVBufferRef,
+    raw_fd: RawFd,
+    width: u32,
+    height: u32,
+    drm_format: u32,
+    modifier: u64,
+    stride: u32,
+    offset: u64,
+) -> Result<ff::frame::Video> {
+    let duped_fd = libc::dup(raw_fd);
+    if duped_fd < 0 {
+        bail!("dup(fd) failed: {}", std::io::Error::last_os_error());
+    }
+
+    let mut desc: ffi::AVDRMFrameDescriptor = mem::zeroed();
+    desc.nb_objects = 1;
+    desc.objects[0].fd = duped_fd;
+    desc.objects[0].size = (height as usize) * (stride as usize);
+    desc.objects[0].format_modifier = modifier;
+    desc.nb_layers = 1;
+    desc.layers[0].format = drm_format;
+    desc.layers[0].nb_planes = 1;
+    desc.layers[0].planes[0].object_index = 0;
+    desc.layers[0].planes[0].offset = offset as isize;
+    desc.layers[0].planes[0].pitch = stride as isize;
+
+    let desc_box = Box::new(desc);
+    let desc_ptr = Box::into_raw(desc_box);
+
+    let buf_ref = ffi::av_buffer_create(
+        desc_ptr as *mut u8,
+        std::mem::size_of::<ffi::AVDRMFrameDescriptor>(),
+        Some(cleanup_drm_descriptor),
+        ptr::null_mut(),
+        0,
+    );
+    if buf_ref.is_null() {
+        let desc_box = Box::from_raw(desc_ptr);
+        libc::close(desc_box.objects[0].fd);
+        bail!("av_buffer_create returned null for DRM descriptor");
+    }
+
+    let mut src = ff::frame::Video::empty();
+    {
+        let sp = src.as_mut_ptr();
+        (*sp).format = ffi::AVPixelFormat::AV_PIX_FMT_DRM_PRIME as i32;
+        (*sp).width = width as i32;
+        (*sp).height = height as i32;
+        (*sp).data[0] = (*buf_ref).data;
+        (*sp).buf[0] = buf_ref;
+    }
+
+    let mut dst = ff::frame::Video::empty();
+    unsafe {
+        let dp = dst.as_mut_ptr();
+        (*dp).format = ffi::AVPixelFormat::AV_PIX_FMT_VAAPI as i32;
+        (*dp).hw_frames_ctx = ffi::av_buffer_ref(frames_ctx);
+        if (*dp).hw_frames_ctx.is_null() {
+            bail!("av_buffer_ref(frames_ctx) returned null");
+        }
+    }
+    let ret = unsafe {
+        ffi::av_hwframe_map(
+            dst.as_mut_ptr(),
+            src.as_ptr(),
+            ffi::AV_HWFRAME_MAP_READ as i32,
+        )
+    };
+    if ret < 0 {
+        let err_str = av_err_to_string(ret);
+        bail!("av_hwframe_map failed: error {ret} ({err_str})");
+    }
+
+    Ok(dst)
+}
+
+unsafe extern "C" fn cleanup_drm_descriptor(_opaque: *mut c_void, data: *mut u8) {
+    let desc = data as *mut ffi::AVDRMFrameDescriptor;
+    if !desc.is_null() && (*desc).nb_objects > 0 && (*desc).objects[0].fd >= 0 {
+        libc::close((*desc).objects[0].fd);
+    }
+    let _ = Box::from_raw(data as *mut ffi::AVDRMFrameDescriptor);
+}
+
+fn av_err_to_string(err: i32) -> String {
+    let mut buf = vec![0u8; 128];
+    unsafe {
+        ffi::av_strerror(err, buf.as_mut_ptr() as *mut i8, buf.len());
+    }
+    String::from_utf8_lossy(&buf)
+        .trim_end_matches('\0')
+        .to_string()
+}
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // EncState
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -139,8 +265,8 @@ pub struct EncState {
 
 unsafe impl Send for EncState {}
 
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 impl EncState {
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub fn new(
         drm_device: &Path,
         output_path: &Path,
@@ -152,16 +278,19 @@ impl EncState {
         gop_size: u32,
         fps: u32,
         transform: Transform,
+        existing_hw_ctx: Option<AvHwDevCtx>,
     ) -> Result<Self> {
         tracing::info!(
             "EncState::new: {width}x{height} enc={enc_width}x{enc_height} transform={transform:?}"
         );
-        // 1. VAAPI device
+        // 1. VAAPI device — reuse existing context if provided
-        let hw_device_ctx = AvHwDevCtx::new_vaapi(drm_device)?;
+        let hw_device_ctx = match existing_hw_ctx {
+            Some(ctx) => ctx,
+            None => AvHwDevCtx::new_vaapi(drm_device)?,
+        };
 
-        // 2. Frame context for capture (XRGB/RGBZ)
         let frames_rgb =
-            AvHwFrameCtx::for_capture(&hw_device_ctx, width, height, ff::format::Pixel::RGBZ)?;
+            AvHwFrameCtx::for_capture(&hw_device_ctx, width, height, ff::format::Pixel::BGRA)?;
 
         // 3. Filter graph — must be built BEFORE encoder config so we can derive
         //    hw_frames_ctx from the buffersink output (correct surface pool dimensions).
@@ -463,6 +592,309 @@ impl EncState {
     }
 }
 
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// SwEncState - VAAPI GPU downscale + software H.264 encode
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+pub enum FrameOutput {
+    Muxer(ff::format::context::Output),
+    Channel(crossbeam_channel::Sender<Vec<u8>>),
+}
+
+pub struct SwEncState {
+    hw_dev: AvHwDevCtx,
+    frames_rgb: AvHwFrameCtx,
+    filter_graph: ff::filter::Graph,
+    sws_ctx: *mut ffi::SwsContext,
+    enc_video: ff::codec::encoder::video::Video,
+    output: Option<FrameOutput>,
+    yuv_frame: *mut ffi::AVFrame,
+    starting_timestamp: Option<i64>,
+    frames_written: bool,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for SwEncState {}
+
+impl SwEncState {
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub fn new(
+        drm_device: &Path,
+        output_path: &Path,
+        width: u32,
+        height: u32,
+        enc_width: u32,
+        enc_height: u32,
+        fps: u32,
+        bitrate: u64,
+        gop_size: u32,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        tracing::info!(
+            "SwEncState::new: GPU downscale {width}x{height} BGRA -> {enc_width}x{enc_height} NV12, software H.264"
+        );
+
+        let hw_dev = AvHwDevCtx::new_vaapi(drm_device)?;
+        let frames_rgb =
+            AvHwFrameCtx::for_capture(&hw_dev, width, height, ff::format::Pixel::BGRA)?;
+        let filter_graph = build_swenc_filter_graph(
+            &hw_dev,
+            &frames_rgb,
+            width,
+            height,
+            enc_width,
+            enc_height,
+            fps,
+        )?;
+
+        let sws_ctx = create_nv12_to_yuv420p_sws(enc_width, enc_height)?;
+        let (enc_video, octx) =
+            create_software_h264_muxer(output_path, enc_width, enc_height, fps, bitrate, gop_size)?;
+        let yuv_frame = alloc_yuv420p_frame(enc_width, enc_height)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            hw_dev,
+            frames_rgb,
+            filter_graph,
+            sws_ctx,
+            enc_video,
+            output: Some(FrameOutput::Muxer(octx)),
+            yuv_frame,
+            starting_timestamp: None,
+            frames_written: false,
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub fn new_webrtc(
+        drm_device: &Path,
+        width: u32,
+        height: u32,
+        enc_width: u32,
+        enc_height: u32,
+        fps: u32,
+        bitrate: u64,
+        gop_size: u32,
+        tx: crossbeam_channel::Sender<Vec<u8>>,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        tracing::info!(
+            "SwEncState::new_webrtc: GPU downscale {width}x{height} BGRA -> {enc_width}x{enc_height} NV12, software H.264 -> WebRTC"
+        );
+
+        let hw_dev = AvHwDevCtx::new_vaapi(drm_device)?;
+        let frames_rgb =
+            AvHwFrameCtx::for_capture(&hw_dev, width, height, ff::format::Pixel::BGRA)?;
+        let filter_graph = build_swenc_filter_graph(
+            &hw_dev,
+            &frames_rgb,
+            width,
+            height,
+            enc_width,
+            enc_height,
+            fps,
+        )?;
+        let sws_ctx = create_nv12_to_yuv420p_sws(enc_width, enc_height)?;
+        let enc_video = create_software_h264_encoder(enc_width, enc_height, fps, bitrate, gop_size)?;
+        let yuv_frame = alloc_yuv420p_frame(enc_width, enc_height)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            hw_dev,
+            frames_rgb,
+            filter_graph,
+            sws_ctx,
+            enc_video,
+            output: Some(FrameOutput::Channel(tx)),
+            yuv_frame,
+            starting_timestamp: None,
+            frames_written: false,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn frames_rgb(&self) -> &AvHwFrameCtx {
+        &self.frames_rgb
+    }
+
+    pub fn encode_frame(&mut self, hw_frame: &ff::frame::Video) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut filter_src_ctx = self.filter_graph.get("in").unwrap();
+        let mut filter_src = filter_src_ctx.source();
+        let mut filter_sink_ctx = self.filter_graph.get("out").unwrap();
+        let mut filter_sink = filter_sink_ctx.sink();
+
+        filter_src
+            .add(hw_frame)
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("software pipeline filter source add failed: {e}"))?;
+
+        loop {
+            let mut filtered = ff::frame::Video::empty();
+            match filter_sink.frame(&mut filtered) {
+                Ok(()) => {
+                    if filtered.pts().is_none() {
+                        filtered.set_pts(hw_frame.pts());
+                    }
+                    self.encode_filtered_frame(&filtered)?;
+                }
+                Err(ff::Error::Other { errno }) if errno == ffi::EAGAIN => break,
+                Err(e) => bail!("software pipeline filter sink get frame failed: {e}"),
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut filter_src_ctx = self.filter_graph.get("in").unwrap();
+        let mut filter_src = filter_src_ctx.source();
+        let _ = filter_src.flush();
+
+        let mut filter_sink_ctx = self.filter_graph.get("out").unwrap();
+        let mut filter_sink = filter_sink_ctx.sink();
+        loop {
+            let mut filtered = ff::frame::Video::empty();
+            match filter_sink.frame(&mut filtered) {
+                Ok(()) => self.encode_filtered_frame(&filtered)?,
+                Err(_) => break,
+            }
+        }
+
+        unsafe {
+            let ret = ffi::avcodec_send_frame(self.enc_video.as_mut_ptr(), ptr::null());
+            if ret < 0 && ret != ffi::AVERROR_EOF {
+                bail!("software encoder flush send failed: error {ret}");
+            }
+        }
+        let start_ts = self.starting_timestamp.unwrap_or(0);
+        self.drain_encoder(start_ts)?;
+
+        if self.frames_written {
+            if let Some(FrameOutput::Muxer(ref mut octx)) = self.output {
+                octx.write_trailer()
+                    .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to write trailer: {e}"))?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn encode_filtered_frame(&mut self, filtered: &ff::frame::Video) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut sw_nv12 = unsafe { ffi::av_frame_alloc() };
+        if sw_nv12.is_null() {
+            bail!("av_frame_alloc failed for NV12 transfer frame");
+        }
+
+        // SAFETY: sw_nv12 is an allocated destination frame; filtered is a valid VAAPI NV12
+        // surface produced by scale_vaapi at encoder dimensions.
+        let transfer_ret = unsafe { ffi::av_hwframe_transfer_data(sw_nv12, filtered.as_ptr(), 0) };
+        if transfer_ret < 0 {
+            // SAFETY: sw_nv12 was allocated above and has not been freed yet.
+            unsafe { ffi::av_frame_free(&mut sw_nv12) };
+            bail!(
+                "av_hwframe_transfer_data failed for GPU-downscaled frame: error {transfer_ret} ({})",
+                av_err_to_string(transfer_ret)
+            );
+        }
+
+        // SAFETY: yuv_frame is an owned reusable YUV420P frame at the same dimensions as sw_nv12;
+        // sws_ctx was created for NV12 -> YUV420P with no resize, so sws_scale only converts format.
+        unsafe {
+            let ret = ffi::av_frame_make_writable(self.yuv_frame);
+            if ret < 0 {
+                ffi::av_frame_free(&mut sw_nv12);
+                bail!("av_frame_make_writable failed: error {ret}");
+            }
+            ffi::sws_scale(
+                self.sws_ctx,
+                (*sw_nv12).data.as_ptr() as *const *const u8,
+                (*sw_nv12).linesize.as_ptr() as *const i32,
+                0,
+                (*sw_nv12).height,
+                (*self.yuv_frame).data.as_ptr() as *mut *mut u8,
+                (*self.yuv_frame).linesize.as_ptr() as *const i32,
+            );
+            ffi::av_frame_free(&mut sw_nv12);
+        }
+
+        let pts = filtered.pts().unwrap_or(0);
+        if self.starting_timestamp.is_none() {
+            self.starting_timestamp = Some(pts);
+        }
+        let start_ts = self.starting_timestamp.unwrap_or(0);
+
+        // SAFETY: yuv_frame is initialized, writable, and matches the opened encoder format.
+        unsafe {
+            (*self.yuv_frame).pts = pts;
+            let ret = ffi::avcodec_send_frame(self.enc_video.as_mut_ptr(), self.yuv_frame);
+            if ret < 0 {
+                bail!("avcodec_send_frame failed for software encoder: error {ret}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.drain_encoder(start_ts)
+    }
+
+    fn drain_encoder(&mut self, start_ts: i64) -> Result<()> {
+        loop {
+            let mut pkt = ff::Packet::empty();
+            // SAFETY: enc_video is an open encoder; pkt is writable packet storage.
+            let ret = unsafe {
+                ffi::avcodec_receive_packet(self.enc_video.as_mut_ptr(), pkt.as_mut_ptr())
+            };
+            if ret < 0 {
+                if ret == ffi::AVERROR(ffi::EAGAIN) || ret == ffi::AVERROR_EOF {
+                    break;
+                }
+                bail!("avcodec_receive_packet failed: error {ret}");
+            }
+
+            match self.output {
+                Some(FrameOutput::Muxer(ref mut octx)) => {
+                    let enc_tb = self.enc_video.time_base();
+                    let stream_tb = unsafe {
+                        let streams = (*octx.as_ptr()).streams;
+                        let st = *streams.add(0);
+                        ff::Rational::from((*st).time_base)
+                    };
+                    pkt.rescale_ts(enc_tb, stream_tb);
+
+                    if let Some(pts) = pkt.pts() {
+                        pkt.set_pts(Some(pts - start_ts));
+                    }
+                    if let Some(dts) = pkt.dts() {
+                        pkt.set_dts(Some(dts - start_ts));
+                    }
+
+                    pkt.set_stream(0);
+                    pkt.write_interleaved(octx)
+                        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to write packet: {e}"))?;
+                    self.frames_written = true;
+                }
+                Some(FrameOutput::Channel(ref tx)) => {
+                    let data: &[u8] = unsafe {
+                        std::slice::from_raw_parts(
+                            (*pkt.as_mut_ptr()).data,
+                            (*pkt.as_mut_ptr()).size as usize,
+                        )
+                    };
+                    let _ = tx.send(data.to_vec());
+                }
+                None => {}
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for SwEncState {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if !self.sws_ctx.is_null() {
+            // SAFETY: sws_ctx is owned by this state and was returned by sws_getContext.
+            unsafe { ffi::sws_freeContext(self.sws_ctx) };
+            self.sws_ctx = ptr::null_mut();
+        }
+        if !self.yuv_frame.is_null() {
+            // SAFETY: yuv_frame is owned by this state and was allocated by av_frame_alloc.
+            unsafe { ffi::av_frame_free(&mut self.yuv_frame) };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Shared encoder creation (used by both wlr-screencopy and portal paths)
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -482,12 +914,11 @@ pub fn create_encoder(
     transform: Transform,
     bitrate: Option<u64>,
     gop_size: Option<u32>,
+    existing_hw_ctx: Option<AvHwDevCtx>,
 ) -> Result<EncState> {
-    let (enc_w, enc_h) =
+    let (enc_w, enc_h) = transpose_if_transform_transposed(transform, width as i32, height as i32);
-        transpose_if_transform_transposed(transform, width as i32, height as i32);
+    let actual_bitrate =
-    let actual_bitrate = bitrate.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        bitrate.unwrap_or_else(|| 2 * (width as u64) * (height as u64) * (fps as u64) / 100);
-        2 * (width as u64) * (height as u64) * (fps as u64) / 100
-    });
     let actual_gop_size = gop_size.unwrap_or(fps);
     EncState::new(
         drm_device,
@@ -500,9 +931,302 @@ pub fn create_encoder(
         actual_gop_size,
         fps,
         transform,
+        existing_hw_ctx,
     )
 }
 
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Software-encode GPU-downscale helpers
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn build_swenc_filter_graph(
+    hw_dev: &AvHwDevCtx,
+    frames_rgb: &AvHwFrameCtx,
+    width: u32,
+    height: u32,
+    enc_width: u32,
+    enc_height: u32,
+    fps: u32,
+) -> Result<ff::filter::Graph> {
+    let mut graph = ff::filter::Graph::new();
+    let buffersrc =
+        ff::filter::find("buffer").ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("filter 'buffer' not found"))?;
+    let buffersink = ff::filter::find("buffersink")
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("filter 'buffersink' not found"))?;
+    let scale_vaapi = ff::filter::find("scale_vaapi")
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("filter 'scale_vaapi' not found"))?;
+
+    // FFmpeg 8.0+ rejects VAAPI pix_fmt in buffer args before hw_frames_ctx is attached.
+    // Use a SW placeholder, then override format/hw_frames_ctx with av_buffersrc_parameters_set.
+    let args = format!(
+        "video_size={}x{}:pix_fmt=bgra:time_base=1/{fps}:pixel_aspect=1/1",
+        width, height,
+    );
+    let mut src_ctx = graph.add(&buffersrc, "in", &args)?;
+
+    let par = unsafe { ffi::av_buffersrc_parameters_alloc() };
+    if par.is_null() {
+        bail!("av_buffersrc_parameters_alloc returned null");
+    }
+    // SAFETY: par and src_ctx are valid; frames_rgb.ref_clone returns an owned hw_frames_ctx ref
+    // that buffersrc consumes on successful parameter set.
+    unsafe {
+        (*par).format = Into::<ffi::AVPixelFormat>::into(ff::format::Pixel::VAAPI) as i32;
+        (*par).width = width as i32;
+        (*par).height = height as i32;
+        (*par).time_base = ffi::AVRational {
+            num: 1,
+            den: fps as i32,
+        };
+        (*par).hw_frames_ctx = frames_rgb.ref_clone();
+        let ret = ffi::av_buffersrc_parameters_set(src_ctx.as_mut_ptr(), par);
+        ffi::av_free(par as *mut _);
+        if ret < 0 {
+            bail!("av_buffersrc_parameters_set failed: error {ret}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut scale_ctx = graph.add(
+        &scale_vaapi,
+        "scale",
+        &format!("{enc_width}:{enc_height}:format=nv12"),
+    )?;
+    // SAFETY: scale_vaapi keeps a ref-counted device context while the graph is alive.
+    unsafe {
+        (*scale_ctx.as_mut_ptr()).hw_device_ctx = hw_dev.ref_clone();
+    }
+
+    let mut sink_ctx = graph.add(&buffersink, "out", "")?;
+    src_ctx.link(0, &mut scale_ctx, 0);
+    scale_ctx.link(0, &mut sink_ctx, 0);
+    graph
+        .validate()
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("software GPU filter graph validation failed: {e}"))?;
+
+    Ok(graph)
+}
+
+fn create_nv12_to_yuv420p_sws(width: u32, height: u32) -> Result<*mut ffi::SwsContext> {
+    // SAFETY: sws_getContext creates an owned scaler context for same-size NV12 -> YUV420P.
+    let ctx = unsafe {
+        ffi::sws_getContext(
+            width as i32,
+            height as i32,
+            ffi::AVPixelFormat::AV_PIX_FMT_NV12,
+            width as i32,
+            height as i32,
+            ffi::AVPixelFormat::AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P,
+            2,
+            ptr::null_mut(),
+            ptr::null_mut(),
+            ptr::null_mut(),
+        )
+    };
+    if ctx.is_null() {
+        bail!("Failed to create NV12 -> YUV420P sws_scale context");
+    }
+    Ok(ctx)
+}
+
+fn alloc_yuv420p_frame(width: u32, height: u32) -> Result<*mut ffi::AVFrame> {
+    // SAFETY: Allocate an AVFrame, configure format/dimensions, then allocate writable buffers.
+    unsafe {
+        let mut frame = ffi::av_frame_alloc();
+        if frame.is_null() {
+            bail!("av_frame_alloc failed");
+        }
+        (*frame).width = width as i32;
+        (*frame).height = height as i32;
+        (*frame).format = ffi::AVPixelFormat::AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P as i32;
+        let ret = ffi::av_frame_get_buffer(frame, 0);
+        if ret < 0 {
+            ffi::av_frame_free(&mut frame);
+            bail!("av_frame_get_buffer failed: error {ret}");
+        }
+        Ok(frame)
+    }
+}
+
+fn create_software_h264_muxer(
+    output_path: &Path,
+    width: u32,
+    height: u32,
+    fps: u32,
+    bitrate: u64,
+    gop_size: u32,
+) -> Result<(
+    ff::codec::encoder::video::Video,
+    ff::format::context::Output,
+)> {
+    let output_cstr = CString::new(output_path.to_str().unwrap())?;
+    let codec = ff::encoder::find_by_name("libx264")
+        .or_else(|| ff::encoder::find_by_name("libopenh264"))
+        .ok_or_else(|| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!("No H.264 software encoder found (tried libx264, libopenh264)")
+        })?;
+    let codec_name = codec.name().to_string();
+
+    let mut enc = {
+        let ctx = ff::codec::Context::new_with_codec(codec);
+        ctx.encoder().video()?
+    };
+    enc.set_width(width);
+    enc.set_height(height);
+    enc.set_format(ff::format::Pixel::YUV420P);
+    enc.set_bit_rate(bitrate as usize);
+    enc.set_gop(gop_size);
+    enc.set_time_base(ff::Rational::new(1, fps as i32));
+    enc.set_max_b_frames(0);
+
+    // SAFETY: global headers are needed by MP4 and harmless for other common muxers.
+    unsafe {
+        (*enc.as_mut_ptr()).flags |= ffi::AV_CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER as i32;
+    }
+
+    if codec_name == "libx264" {
+        // SAFETY: priv_data belongs to the unopened encoder; strings live for each call.
+        unsafe {
+            let key = CString::new("preset").unwrap();
+            let val = CString::new("ultrafast").unwrap();
+            ffi::av_opt_set((*enc.as_mut_ptr()).priv_data, key.as_ptr(), val.as_ptr(), 0);
+            let key = CString::new("tune").unwrap();
+            let val = CString::new("zerolatency").unwrap();
+            ffi::av_opt_set((*enc.as_mut_ptr()).priv_data, key.as_ptr(), val.as_ptr(), 0);
+            let key = CString::new("threads").unwrap();
+            let val = CString::new("6").unwrap();
+            ffi::av_opt_set((*enc.as_mut_ptr()).priv_data, key.as_ptr(), val.as_ptr(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    let opened = enc
+        .open()
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to open {codec_name} encoder: {e}"))?;
+    let enc_video = opened.0;
+
+    let use_null = output_path
+        .to_str()
+        .map(|s| s.contains("null"))
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+    let fmt_name = if use_null {
+        CString::new("null").unwrap()
+    } else {
+        CString::new("").unwrap()
+    };
+    let fmt_name_ptr = if use_null {
+        fmt_name.as_ptr()
+    } else {
+        ptr::null()
+    };
+
+    let mut fmt_ctx_ptr: *mut ffi::AVFormatContext = ptr::null_mut();
+    // SAFETY: fmt_ctx_ptr is initialized by FFmpeg; C strings live across the call.
+    let ret = unsafe {
+        ffi::avformat_alloc_output_context2(
+            &mut fmt_ctx_ptr,
+            ptr::null_mut(),
+            fmt_name_ptr,
+            output_cstr.as_ptr(),
+        )
+    };
+    if ret < 0 || fmt_ctx_ptr.is_null() {
+        bail!("Failed to allocate output format context: error {ret}");
+    }
+
+    // SAFETY: fmt_ctx_ptr is valid; stream and codec parameters are owned by the format context.
+    let stream_ptr = unsafe { ffi::avformat_new_stream(fmt_ctx_ptr, ptr::null()) };
+    if stream_ptr.is_null() {
+        bail!("Failed to create output stream");
+    }
+
+    // SAFETY: stream_ptr and encoder context are valid; parameters are copied into stream.
+    let ret =
+        unsafe { ffi::avcodec_parameters_from_context((*stream_ptr).codecpar, enc_video.as_ptr()) };
+    if ret < 0 {
+        bail!("Failed to copy codec parameters to stream: error {ret}");
+    }
+    // SAFETY: stream_ptr is valid and writable during muxer setup.
+    unsafe {
+        (*stream_ptr).time_base = (*enc_video.as_ptr()).time_base;
+    }
+
+    // SAFETY: open an AVIO only for muxers that require files; null muxer advertises NOFILE.
+    unsafe {
+        if (*(*fmt_ctx_ptr).oformat).flags & ffi::AVFMT_NOFILE == 0 {
+            let ret = ffi::avio_open(
+                &mut (*fmt_ctx_ptr).pb,
+                output_cstr.as_ptr(),
+                ffi::AVIO_FLAG_WRITE,
+            );
+            if ret < 0 {
+                bail!(
+                    "Failed to open output file '{}': error {ret}",
+                    output_path.display()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // SAFETY: fmt_ctx_ptr is fully configured.
+    let ret = unsafe { ffi::avformat_write_header(fmt_ctx_ptr, ptr::null_mut()) };
+    if ret < 0 {
+        bail!("Failed to write output header: error {ret}");
+    }
+
+    // SAFETY: ownership of fmt_ctx_ptr transfers to ffmpeg-next Output wrapper.
+    let octx = unsafe { ff::format::context::Output::wrap(fmt_ctx_ptr) };
+    tracing::info!("Using software H.264 encoder: {codec_name}");
+    Ok((enc_video, octx))
+}
+
+fn create_software_h264_encoder(
+    width: u32,
+    height: u32,
+    fps: u32,
+    bitrate: u64,
+    gop_size: u32,
+) -> Result<ff::codec::encoder::video::Video> {
+    let codec = ff::encoder::find_by_name("libx264")
+        .or_else(|| ff::encoder::find_by_name("libopenh264"))
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("No H.264 software encoder found"))?;
+    let codec_name = codec.name().to_string();
+
+    let mut enc = {
+        let ctx = ff::codec::Context::new_with_codec(codec);
+        ctx.encoder().video()?
+    };
+    enc.set_width(width);
+    enc.set_height(height);
+    enc.set_format(ff::format::Pixel::YUV420P);
+    enc.set_bit_rate(bitrate as usize);
+    enc.set_gop(gop_size);
+    enc.set_time_base(ff::Rational::new(1, fps as i32));
+    enc.set_max_b_frames(0);
+
+    if codec_name == "libx264" {
+        unsafe {
+            let key = CString::new("preset").unwrap();
+            let val = CString::new("ultrafast").unwrap();
+            ffi::av_opt_set((*enc.as_mut_ptr()).priv_data, key.as_ptr(), val.as_ptr(), 0);
+            let key = CString::new("tune").unwrap();
+            let val = CString::new("zerolatency").unwrap();
+            ffi::av_opt_set((*enc.as_mut_ptr()).priv_data, key.as_ptr(), val.as_ptr(), 0);
+            let key = CString::new("threads").unwrap();
+            let val = CString::new("6").unwrap();
+            ffi::av_opt_set((*enc.as_mut_ptr()).priv_data, key.as_ptr(), val.as_ptr(), 0);
+            let key = CString::new("x264opts").unwrap();
+            let val = CString::new("repeat_headers=1").unwrap();
+            ffi::av_opt_set((*enc.as_mut_ptr()).priv_data, key.as_ptr(), val.as_ptr(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    let opened = enc
+        .open()
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to open {codec_name} encoder: {e}"))?;
+    tracing::info!("WebRTC encoder: {codec_name} {width}x{height} @ {fps}fps {bitrate}bps");
+    Ok(opened.0)
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Filter graph (inline)
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -591,8 +1315,7 @@ fn build_filter_graph(
                 Transform::Flipped270 => "0",
                 Transform::Normal => unreachable!(),
             };
-            let mut trans_ctx =
+            let mut trans_ctx = graph.add(&transpose, "transpose", &format!("dir={dir_val}"))?;
-                graph.add(&transpose, "transpose", &format!("dir={dir_val}"))?;
             unsafe {
                 (*trans_ctx.as_mut_ptr()).hw_device_ctx = hw_dev.ref_clone();
             }

src/backend_detect.rs

@@ -37,11 +37,10 @@ impl Dispatch<WlRegistry, GlobalListContents> for RegistryLs {
     }
 }
 
-// 通过 D-Bus 检测 XDG Desktop Portal 的 ScreenCast 接口是否可用
+// CAUTION: must NOT use ashpd here — ashpd caches zbus::Connection in a global
-// 尝试创建 Screencast proxy，如果 Portal 服务未运行则返回 false
+// OnceLock; if the tokio runtime owning that connection is dropped before
+// setup_portal() runs, the cached connection becomes dead and hangs forever.
 fn check_portal_available() -> bool {
-    use ashpd::desktop::screencast::Screencast;
-
     let rt = match tokio::runtime::Runtime::new() {
         Ok(rt) => rt,
         Err(e) => {
@@ -51,30 +50,43 @@ fn check_portal_available() -> bool {
     };
 
     rt.block_on(async {
-        let proxy = match Screencast::new().await {
+        let conn = match zbus::Connection::session().await {
-            Ok(p) => p,
+            Ok(c) => c,
             Err(e) => {
-                tracing::info!("Portal not available: {e}");
+                tracing::info!("D-Bus session bus unavailable: {e}");
                 return false;
             }
         };
 
-        // Verify the portal actually exposes ScreenCast capabilities,
+        let inner: zbus::Proxy = match zbus::proxy::Builder::new(&conn)
-        // not just that the D-Bus service is running.
+            .destination("org.freedesktop.portal.Desktop")
-        match proxy.available_source_types().await {
+            .and_then(|b| b.path("/org/freedesktop/portal/desktop"))
-            Ok(types) if !types.is_empty() => {
+            .and_then(|b| b.interface("org.freedesktop.portal.ScreenCast"))
-                tracing::info!("Portal ScreenCast available (source types: {types:?})");
+        {
+            Ok(b) => match b.build().await {
+                Ok(p) => p,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    tracing::info!("Portal ScreenCast interface not available: {e}");
+                    return false;
+                }
+            },
+            Err(e) => {
+                tracing::info!("Portal ScreenCast proxy build failed: {e}");
+                return false;
+            }
+        };
+
+        let version = match inner.get_property::<u32>("version").await {
+            Ok(version) => {
+                tracing::info!("Portal ScreenCast available (version: {version})");
                 true
             }
-            Ok(types) => {
-                tracing::info!("Portal ScreenCast proxy exists but no source types available ({types:?})");
-                false
-            }
             Err(e) => {
-                tracing::info!("Portal ScreenCast available_source_types query failed: {e}");
+                tracing::info!("Portal ScreenCast version query failed: {e}");
                 false
             }
-        }
+        };
+        version
     })
 }
 
@@ -125,10 +137,7 @@ pub fn detect_backend(args: &Args) -> Result<CaptureBackend> {
             }
             other => {
                 // 未知后端名称，返回错误
-                anyhow::bail!(
+                anyhow::bail!("Unknown backend '{}'. Use 'screencopy' or 'portal'.", other);
-                    "Unknown backend '{}'. Use 'screencopy' or 'portal'.",
-                    other
-                );
             }
         };
     }

src/bin/sw_encode_bench.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,545 @@
+// sw_encode_bench.rs — Software encoding pipeline benchmark for screen capture
+//
+// Benchmarks: Portal capture -> mmap DMA-BUF -> sws_scale BGR0->YUV420P -> libx264 encode
+//
+// Usage: cargo run --bin sw_encode_bench -- --output /tmp/bench_test.mp4
+
+use std::ffi::CString;
+use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::ptr;
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use clap::Parser;
+
+use ffmpeg_next as ff;
+use ffmpeg_next::ffi;
+use ffmpeg_next::packet::Mut;
+
+use wl_webrtc::args::Args;
+use wl_webrtc::cap_portal::{CapPortal, PwCtrlEvent};
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[command(
+    name = "sw_encode_bench",
+    about = "Software encoding pipeline benchmark"
+)]
+struct BenchArgs {
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    output: String,
+
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 120)]
+    frames: u32,
+
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 2560)]
+    enc_width: u32,
+
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 1440)]
+    enc_height: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct FrameStats {
+    mmap_us: Vec<u64>,
+    scale_us: Vec<u64>,
+    encode_us: Vec<u64>,
+    total_us: Vec<u64>,
+    mmap_failures: u32,
+}
+
+impl FrameStats {
+    fn avg_ms(data: &[u64]) -> f64 {
+        if data.is_empty() {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+        data.iter().sum::<u64>() as f64 / data.len() as f64 / 1000.0
+    }
+}
+
+fn pix_fmt(p: ff::format::Pixel) -> ffi::AVPixelFormat {
+    Into::<ffi::AVPixelFormat>::into(p)
+}
+
+fn receive_first_frame(cap: &CapPortal) -> Result<wl_webrtc::cap_portal::PwDmaBufFrame> {
+    loop {
+        if let Ok(ctrl) = cap.event_receiver().try_recv() {
+            match ctrl {
+                PwCtrlEvent::StreamEnded => bail!("PipeWire stream ended before first frame"),
+                PwCtrlEvent::Error(e) => bail!("PipeWire error: {e}"),
+            }
+        }
+        match cap
+            .frame_receiver()
+            .recv_timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(10))
+        {
+            Ok(frame) => return Ok(frame),
+            Err(crossbeam_channel::RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => {
+                bail!("Timeout waiting for first frame (10s)");
+            }
+            Err(crossbeam_channel::RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected) => {
+                bail!("PipeWire frame channel disconnected");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let bench_args = BenchArgs::parse();
+
+    println!("=== Software Encode Benchmark ===");
+    println!("Output: {}", bench_args.output);
+    println!("Target frames: {}", bench_args.frames);
+    println!(
+        "Encode resolution: {}x{}",
+        bench_args.enc_width, bench_args.enc_height
+    );
+    println!();
+
+    ff::init()?;
+
+    println!("[1/4] Requesting screen capture via XDG Portal...");
+    println!("       (Select a screen to share in the portal dialog)");
+
+    let portal_args = Args {
+        output: bench_args.output.clone(),
+        output_name: None,
+        fps: 60,
+        codec: "h264".to_string(),
+        hw_accel: "vaapi".to_string(),
+        drm_device: None,
+        bitrate: None,
+        gop_size: None,
+        verbose: false,
+        backend: Some("portal".to_string()),
+        port: 0,
+    };
+
+    let cap = CapPortal::new(&portal_args)?;
+    println!("[1/4] Portal connected, PipeWire stream active\n");
+
+    println!("[2/4] Waiting for first frame from PipeWire...");
+    let first_frame = receive_first_frame(&cap)?;
+
+    let src_width = first_frame.width;
+    let src_height = first_frame.height;
+    let src_stride = first_frame.stride;
+    let enc_width = bench_args.enc_width;
+    let enc_height = bench_args.enc_height;
+
+    println!(
+        "[2/4] First frame: {}x{}, stride={}, format=0x{:08X}",
+        src_width, src_height, src_stride, first_frame.format
+    );
+    println!(
+        "       Capture: {}x{}  Encode: {}x{}\n",
+        src_width, src_height, enc_width, enc_height
+    );
+
+    println!("[3/4] Testing mmap on DMA-BUF...");
+    let mmap_size = (src_stride as usize) * (src_height as usize);
+    let mmap_ptr = unsafe {
+        libc::mmap(
+            ptr::null_mut(),
+            mmap_size,
+            libc::PROT_READ,
+            libc::MAP_SHARED,
+            first_frame.fd.as_raw_fd(),
+            first_frame.offset as i64,
+        )
+    };
+
+    if mmap_ptr == libc::MAP_FAILED {
+        let errno = std::io::Error::last_os_error();
+        bail!(
+            "mmap on DMA-BUF fd FAILED — AMD driver may not support \
+             CPU read of screen capture DMA-BUF buffers.\n\
+             Error: {} (errno={})\n\
+             \n\
+             Workarounds:\n\
+             1. Use VAAPI hardware import (av_hwframe_map) instead of mmap\n\
+             2. Use wlroots compositor with wlr-screencopy (SHM-based)\n\
+             3. Use a virtual display or software renderer",
+            errno,
+            errno.raw_os_error().unwrap_or(-1)
+        );
+    }
+
+    println!(
+        "[3/4] mmap SUCCESS — CPU can read DMA-BUF ({:.1} MB)\n",
+        mmap_size as f64 / 1024.0 / 1024.0
+    );
+    unsafe {
+        libc::munmap(mmap_ptr, mmap_size);
+    }
+    drop(first_frame);
+
+    // Set up libx264 encoder via FFI (same pattern as avhw.rs)
+    println!("[4/4] Setting up libx264 encoder...");
+    let output_path = Path::new(&bench_args.output);
+    let output_cstr = CString::new(output_path.to_str().unwrap())?;
+
+    // Try libx264 first (best quality/speed), fall back to openh264
+    let codec = ff::encoder::find_by_name("libx264")
+        .or_else(|| ff::encoder::find_by_name("libopenh264"))
+        .ok_or_else(|| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!("No H.264 software encoder found (tried libx264, libopenh264)")
+        })?;
+    println!("[4/4] Using encoder: {}\n", codec.name());
+
+    let mut enc = {
+        let ctx = ff::codec::Context::new_with_codec(codec);
+        ctx.encoder().video()?
+    };
+
+    enc.set_width(enc_width);
+    enc.set_height(enc_height);
+    enc.set_format(ff::format::Pixel::YUV420P);
+    enc.set_time_base(ff::Rational::new(1, 60));
+    enc.set_max_b_frames(0);
+    enc.set_gop(60);
+
+    let codec_name = codec.name();
+    if codec_name == "libx264" {
+        unsafe {
+            let key = CString::new("preset").unwrap();
+            let val = CString::new("veryfast").unwrap();
+            ffi::av_opt_set((*enc.as_mut_ptr()).priv_data, key.as_ptr(), val.as_ptr(), 0);
+            let key = CString::new("tune").unwrap();
+            let val = CString::new("zerolatency").unwrap();
+            ffi::av_opt_set((*enc.as_mut_ptr()).priv_data, key.as_ptr(), val.as_ptr(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    let opened = enc.open()?;
+    let mut enc_video = opened.0;
+
+    // Create output format context via FFI
+    let mut fmt_ctx_ptr: *mut ffi::AVFormatContext = ptr::null_mut();
+    let ret = unsafe {
+        ffi::avformat_alloc_output_context2(
+            &mut fmt_ctx_ptr,
+            ptr::null_mut(),
+            ptr::null(),
+            output_cstr.as_ptr(),
+        )
+    };
+    if ret < 0 || fmt_ctx_ptr.is_null() {
+        bail!("Failed to allocate output format context: error {ret}");
+    }
+
+    let stream_ptr = unsafe { ffi::avformat_new_stream(fmt_ctx_ptr, ptr::null()) };
+    if stream_ptr.is_null() {
+        bail!("Failed to create new stream");
+    }
+
+    let ret =
+        unsafe { ffi::avcodec_parameters_from_context((*stream_ptr).codecpar, enc_video.as_ptr()) };
+    if ret < 0 {
+        bail!("Failed to copy encoder parameters: error {ret}");
+    }
+
+    unsafe {
+        (*stream_ptr).time_base = (*enc_video.as_ptr()).time_base;
+    }
+
+    let ret = unsafe {
+        ffi::avio_open(
+            &mut (*fmt_ctx_ptr).pb,
+            output_cstr.as_ptr(),
+            ffi::AVIO_FLAG_WRITE,
+        )
+    };
+    if ret < 0 {
+        bail!(
+            "Failed to open output file '{}': error {ret}",
+            output_path.display()
+        );
+    }
+
+    let ret = unsafe { ffi::avformat_write_header(fmt_ctx_ptr, ptr::null_mut()) };
+    if ret < 0 {
+        bail!("Failed to write header: error {ret}");
+    }
+
+    let mut octx = unsafe { ff::format::context::Output::wrap(fmt_ctx_ptr) };
+
+    // Create sws_scale context: BGRZ (BGR0) -> YUV420P
+    let bgr0_fmt = pix_fmt(ff::format::Pixel::BGRZ);
+    let yuv420p_fmt = pix_fmt(ff::format::Pixel::YUV420P);
+
+    let sws_ctx = unsafe {
+        ffi::sws_getContext(
+            src_width as i32,
+            src_height as i32,
+            bgr0_fmt,
+            enc_width as i32,
+            enc_height as i32,
+            yuv420p_fmt,
+            2,
+            ptr::null_mut(),
+            ptr::null_mut(),
+            ptr::null_mut(),
+        )
+    };
+    if sws_ctx.is_null() {
+        bail!("Failed to create sws_scale context");
+    }
+
+    // Allocate reusable YUV frame
+    let mut yuv_frame = unsafe {
+        let mut f = ffi::av_frame_alloc();
+        if f.is_null() {
+            bail!("av_frame_alloc failed");
+        }
+        (*f).width = enc_width as i32;
+        (*f).height = enc_height as i32;
+        (*f).format = yuv420p_fmt as i32;
+        let ret = ffi::av_frame_get_buffer(f, 0);
+        if ret < 0 {
+            ffi::av_frame_free(&mut f);
+            bail!("av_frame_get_buffer failed: {ret}");
+        }
+        f
+    };
+
+    println!(
+        "[4/4] Encoder ready: {}, {}x{}\n",
+        codec_name, enc_width, enc_height
+    );
+
+    println!("=== Encoding {} frames ===\n", bench_args.frames);
+
+    let mut stats = FrameStats::default();
+    let total_start = Instant::now();
+    let mut frames_encoded: u32 = 0;
+    let mut pts: i64 = 0;
+
+    while frames_encoded < bench_args.frames {
+        if let Ok(ctrl) = cap.event_receiver().try_recv() {
+            match ctrl {
+                PwCtrlEvent::StreamEnded => {
+                    eprintln!("PipeWire stream ended after {} frames", frames_encoded);
+                    break;
+                }
+                PwCtrlEvent::Error(e) => {
+                    eprintln!("PipeWire error after {} frames: {}", frames_encoded, e);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let frame = match cap
+            .frame_receiver()
+            .recv_timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(5))
+        {
+            Ok(f) => f,
+            Err(_) => {
+                eprintln!("Frame timeout/disconnect after {} frames", frames_encoded);
+                break;
+            }
+        };
+
+        let frame_start = Instant::now();
+
+        let mmap_start = Instant::now();
+        let frame_size = (frame.stride as usize) * (frame.height as usize);
+        let mmap_ptr = unsafe {
+            libc::mmap(
+                ptr::null_mut(),
+                frame_size,
+                libc::PROT_READ,
+                libc::MAP_SHARED,
+                frame.fd.as_raw_fd(),
+                frame.offset as i64,
+            )
+        };
+
+        if mmap_ptr == libc::MAP_FAILED {
+            stats.mmap_failures += 1;
+            eprintln!("mmap failed on frame {}", frames_encoded);
+            drop(frame);
+            continue;
+        }
+        stats.mmap_us.push(mmap_start.elapsed().as_micros() as u64);
+
+        let scale_start = Instant::now();
+        let src_data = unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(mmap_ptr as *const u8, frame_size) };
+
+        unsafe {
+            ffi::av_frame_make_writable(yuv_frame);
+
+            let src_ptr = src_data.as_ptr();
+            let src_linesize = frame.stride as i32;
+
+            ffi::sws_scale(
+                sws_ctx,
+                &src_ptr as *const *const u8,
+                &src_linesize as *const i32,
+                0,
+                frame.height as i32,
+                (*yuv_frame).data.as_ptr() as *mut *mut u8,
+                (*yuv_frame).linesize.as_ptr() as *mut i32,
+            );
+        }
+        stats
+            .scale_us
+            .push(scale_start.elapsed().as_micros() as u64);
+
+        unsafe {
+            libc::munmap(mmap_ptr, frame_size);
+        }
+        drop(frame);
+
+        let encode_start = Instant::now();
+
+        unsafe {
+            (*yuv_frame).pts = pts;
+            pts += 1;
+
+            let ret = ffi::avcodec_send_frame(enc_video.as_mut_ptr(), yuv_frame);
+            if ret < 0 {
+                eprintln!("avcodec_send_frame failed: {ret}");
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        drain_encoder(&mut enc_video, &mut octx)?;
+
+        stats
+            .encode_us
+            .push(encode_start.elapsed().as_micros() as u64);
+        stats
+            .total_us
+            .push(frame_start.elapsed().as_micros() as u64);
+
+        frames_encoded += 1;
+        if frames_encoded % 30 == 0 {
+            let fps = frames_encoded as f64 / total_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
+            println!(
+                "  [{}/{}] {:.1} FPS",
+                frames_encoded, bench_args.frames, fps
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    let total_elapsed = total_start.elapsed();
+
+    println!("\nFlushing encoder...");
+    unsafe {
+        ffi::avcodec_send_frame(enc_video.as_mut_ptr(), ptr::null());
+    }
+    drain_encoder(&mut enc_video, &mut octx)?;
+
+    octx.write_trailer()
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to write trailer: {e}"))?;
+
+    // Cleanup
+    unsafe {
+        ffi::av_frame_free(&mut yuv_frame as *mut _);
+        ffi::sws_freeContext(sws_ctx);
+    }
+
+    drop(cap);
+
+    // Print results
+    let mmap_count = stats.mmap_us.len() as u32;
+    let mmap_success_rate = if mmap_count + stats.mmap_failures > 0 {
+        mmap_count as f64 / (mmap_count + stats.mmap_failures) as f64 * 100.0
+    } else {
+        0.0
+    };
+    let total_fps = frames_encoded as f64 / total_elapsed.as_secs_f64();
+    let avg_total_ms = FrameStats::avg_ms(&stats.total_us);
+    let max_fps = if avg_total_ms > 0.0 {
+        1000.0 / avg_total_ms
+    } else {
+        0.0
+    };
+
+    println!();
+    println!("╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗");
+    println!("║       Software Encode Benchmark Results                     ║");
+    println!("╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝");
+    println!();
+    println!("Capture resolution: {}x{}", src_width, src_height);
+    println!("Encode resolution:  {}x{}", enc_width, enc_height);
+    println!("Frames encoded:     {}", frames_encoded);
+    println!("Total time:         {:.2}s", total_elapsed.as_secs_f64());
+    println!();
+    println!("mmap (DMA-BUF -> CPU):");
+    println!(
+        "  avg:              {:.2} ms/frame",
+        FrameStats::avg_ms(&stats.mmap_us)
+    );
+    println!(
+        "  success rate:     {:.1}% ({}/{})",
+        mmap_success_rate,
+        mmap_count,
+        mmap_count + stats.mmap_failures
+    );
+    println!();
+    println!("scale (BGR0 -> YUV420P via sws_scale):");
+    println!(
+        "  avg:              {:.2} ms/frame",
+        FrameStats::avg_ms(&stats.scale_us)
+    );
+    println!();
+    println!("encode ({}):", codec_name);
+    println!(
+        "  avg:              {:.2} ms/frame",
+        FrameStats::avg_ms(&stats.encode_us)
+    );
+    println!();
+    println!("total pipeline:");
+    println!("  avg:              {:.2} ms/frame", avg_total_ms);
+    println!("  achieved FPS:     {:.1}", total_fps);
+    println!("  max theoretical:  {:.1} FPS", max_fps);
+    println!();
+
+    if mmap_success_rate < 100.0 {
+        println!(
+            "WARNING: Some mmap operations failed ({}/{})",
+            stats.mmap_failures,
+            stats.mmap_failures + mmap_count
+        );
+    }
+    if total_fps < 30.0 {
+        println!(
+            "NOTE: Achieved FPS ({:.1}) is below 30 FPS target.",
+            total_fps
+        );
+    }
+
+    println!("Output written to: {}", bench_args.output);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn drain_encoder(
+    enc_video: &mut ff::encoder::video::Video,
+    octx: &mut ff::format::context::Output,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        let mut pkt = ff::Packet::empty();
+        let ret = unsafe { ffi::avcodec_receive_packet(enc_video.as_mut_ptr(), pkt.as_mut_ptr()) };
+        if ret < 0 {
+            if ret == ffi::AVERROR(ffi::EAGAIN) || ret == ffi::AVERROR_EOF {
+                break;
+            }
+            eprintln!("avcodec_receive_packet failed: {ret}");
+            break;
+        }
+
+        let enc_tb = enc_video.time_base();
+        let stream_tb = unsafe {
+            let streams = (*octx.as_ptr()).streams;
+            let st = *streams.add(0);
+            ff::Rational::from((*st).time_base)
+        };
+        pkt.rescale_ts(enc_tb, stream_tb);
+        pkt.set_stream(0);
+        pkt.write_interleaved(octx)
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("write packet failed: {e}"))?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}

src/cap_portal.rs

@@ -12,11 +12,13 @@
 //   - crossbeam-channel: 高性能有界通道，用于线程间帧传递
 
 use std::os::fd::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd, OwnedFd};
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::thread::{self, JoinHandle};
 
 use anyhow::Result;
-use crossbeam_channel::{Receiver, Sender, bounded};
+use crossbeam_channel::{bounded, Receiver, Sender};
 use tokio::runtime::Runtime;
 
 use crate::args::Args;
@@ -45,13 +47,11 @@ pub struct PwDmaBufFrame {
     pub pts: i64,
 }
 
-/// PipeWire 事件枚举
+/// PipeWire 控制事件枚举
 ///
-/// 从 PipeWire 捕获线程发送给消费者的事件类型。
+/// 从 PipeWire 捕获线程发送给消费者的控制事件。
-/// 消费者通过 frame_receiver() 获取的 Receiver 接收这些事件。
+/// 与帧数据分离，通过独立的 channel 传输，确保控制事件不被帧数据淹没。
-pub enum PwEvent {
+pub enum PwCtrlEvent {
-    /// 收到一帧新的 DMA-BUF 视频帧
-    Frame(PwDmaBufFrame),
     /// 流已结束（PipeWire 流断开连接或进入错误状态）
     StreamEnded,
     /// 发生错误，包含错误描述信息
@@ -68,13 +68,10 @@ pub enum PwEvent {
 ///   2. frame_receiver() — 获取帧接收端，供消费者轮询
 ///   3. Drop — 通过 eventfd 通知 PipeWire 线程安全退出
 pub struct CapPortal {
-    /// eventfd 的写入端，用于在 drop 时通知 PipeWire 线程退出
     shutdown_fd: OwnedFd,
-    /// 帧事件接收端，消费者通过此 Receiver 获取帧数据
+    frame_rx: Receiver<PwDmaBufFrame>,
-    frame_rx: Receiver<PwEvent>,
+    event_rx: Receiver<PwCtrlEvent>,
-    /// PipeWire 捕获线程的 JoinHandle，drop 时等待线程退出
     pw_thread: Option<JoinHandle<()>>,
-    /// Tokio 运行时，仅用于 setup_portal() 中的异步 Portal 调用
     rt: Runtime,
 }
 
@@ -83,17 +80,12 @@ pub struct CapPortal {
 /// 从主线程传递给 PipeWire 捕获线程的所有必要资源。
 /// 该结构体在线程创建时一次性 move 到线程中使用。
 struct PwThreadCtx {
-    /// 帧事件发送端，用于向消费者线程发送帧数据或错误/结束事件
+    frame_tx: Sender<PwDmaBufFrame>,
-    frame_tx: Sender<PwEvent>,
+    event_tx: Sender<PwCtrlEvent>,
-    /// 已丢弃帧的计数器（原子操作），用于统计因通道满而丢弃的帧数
+    dropped: Arc<AtomicU64>,
-    dropped: AtomicU64,
-    /// eventfd 的读取端，注册到 PipeWire 事件循环中，用于接收关闭信号
     shutdown_read: OwnedFd,
-    /// Portal 返回的 PipeWire 远程连接文件描述符
     pw_fd: OwnedFd,
-    /// Portal 返回的 PipeWire 节点 ID，标识要捕获的屏幕流
     node_id: u32,
-    /// 目标帧率（当前保留，未直接用于 PipeWire 协商）
     fps: u32,
 }
 
@@ -103,27 +95,18 @@ impl CapPortal {
     /// 执行流程:
     ///   1. 创建 Tokio 运行时（用于异步 Portal 调用）
     ///   2. 通过 XDG Desktop Portal 请求屏幕录制权限，获取 PipeWire fd 和 node_id
-    ///   3. 创建有界通道（容量 3）用于帧传递
+    ///   3. 创建有界通道（容量 16）用于帧传递
     ///   4. 创建 eventfd 对，用于线程安全的关闭信号传递
     ///   5. 启动 PipeWire 捕获线程
     pub fn new(args: &Args) -> Result<Self> {
-        // 创建独立的 Tokio 运行时，仅用于 setup_portal 中的异步 Portal D-Bus 调用
         let rt = Runtime::new()?;
 
-        // 通过 Portal 获取 PipeWire 连接 fd 和节点 ID
+        let no_persist = args.no_persist;
-        // block_on 在此处同步等待异步 Portal 调用完成
+        let (pw_fd, node_id) = rt.block_on(async { Self::setup_portal(no_persist).await })?;
-        let (pw_fd, node_id) = rt.block_on(async {
-            Self::setup_portal().await
-        })?;
 
-        // 创建有界通道，容量为 3 帧
+        let (frame_tx, frame_rx) = bounded(16);
-        // 使用有界通道实现背压：当消费者处理不过来时，生产者会丢弃帧而非无限堆积
+        let (event_tx, event_rx) = bounded(8);
-        let (frame_tx, frame_rx) = bounded(3);
 
-        // 创建 eventfd 对，用于线程安全的关闭信号传递
-        // eventfd 是 Linux 内核提供的轻量级进程/线程间通知机制
-        // 写入端保存在 CapPortal（主线程），读取端注册到 PipeWire 事件循环中
-        // 这样 CapPortal drop 时可以安全地通知 PipeWire 线程退出
         let efd = unsafe { libc::eventfd(0, libc::EFD_CLOEXEC | libc::EFD_NONBLOCK) };
         if efd < 0 {
             return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
@@ -131,8 +114,6 @@ impl CapPortal {
                 std::io::Error::last_os_error()
             ));
         }
-        // 复制 eventfd 得到写入端，原始 fd 作为读取端
-        // 需要 dup 是因为读取端和写入端需要各自独立的 OwnedFd 所有权
         let write_fd = unsafe { libc::dup(efd) };
         if write_fd < 0 {
             let err = std::io::Error::last_os_error();
@@ -140,38 +121,45 @@ impl CapPortal {
             return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("dup eventfd failed: {err}"));
         }
 
-        // 构建 PipeWire 线程上下文，将所有必要资源 move 进去
+        let pw_dropped = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+
         let ctx = PwThreadCtx {
             frame_tx,
-            dropped: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            event_tx,
+            dropped: pw_dropped.clone(),
             shutdown_read: unsafe { OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(efd) },
             pw_fd,
             node_id,
             fps: args.fps,
         };
 
-        // 启动 PipeWire 捕获线程，命名便于调试和性能分析
         let pw_thread = thread::Builder::new()
             .name("pipewire-capture".into())
             .spawn(move || {
                 pipewire_thread(ctx);
+            })
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                unsafe { libc::close(write_fd) };
+                anyhow::anyhow!("thread spawn failed: {e}")
             })?;
 
         Ok(Self {
             shutdown_fd: unsafe { OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(write_fd) },
             frame_rx,
+            event_rx,
             pw_thread: Some(pw_thread),
             rt,
         })
     }
 
-    /// 获取帧事件接收端的引用
+    pub fn frame_receiver(&self) -> &Receiver<PwDmaBufFrame> {
-    ///
-    /// 消费者通过此方法获取 Receiver，然后不断接收 PwEvent 事件来获取帧数据。
-    pub fn frame_receiver(&self) -> &Receiver<PwEvent> {
         &self.frame_rx
     }
 
+    pub fn event_receiver(&self) -> &Receiver<PwCtrlEvent> {
+        &self.event_rx
+    }
+
     /// 通过 XDG Desktop Portal 建立屏幕录制会话
     ///
     /// 与桌面环境的 D-Bus 服务交互，请求用户授权屏幕录制。
@@ -183,44 +171,50 @@ impl CapPortal {
     ///   5. 打开 PipeWire 远程连接，获取文件描述符
     ///
     /// 返回 (PipeWire fd, node_id)，供 PipeWire 线程连接使用
-    async fn setup_portal() -> Result<(OwnedFd, u32)> {
+    async fn setup_portal(no_persist: bool) -> Result<(OwnedFd, u32)> {
         use ashpd::desktop::screencast::{
             CursorMode, Screencast, SelectSourcesOptions, SourceType,
         };
         use ashpd::desktop::PersistMode;
 
-        // 创建 Screencast D-Bus 代理，与桌面环境的 Portal 服务通信
+        let proxy = Screencast::new()
-        let proxy = Screencast::new().await.map_err(|e| {
+            .await
-            anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to create Screencast proxy: {e}")
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to create Screencast proxy: {e}"))?;
-        })?;
 
-        // 创建 ScreenCast 会话（每个会话对应一次屏幕录制请求）
         let session = proxy
             .create_session(Default::default())
             .await
             .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to create ScreenCast session: {e}"))?;
 
-        // 配置录制源选择参数:
+        let version_supported = proxy.version() >= 4;
-        //   - CursorMode::Embedded: 光标嵌入到帧数据中（而非单独的元数据）
+
-        //   - SourceType::Monitor: 仅捕获显示器（不捕获窗口）
+        let (persist_mode, saved_token) = if !no_persist && version_supported {
-        //   - multiple: false: 不允许多源选择
+            let token = load_restore_token();
-        //   - PersistMode::DoNot: 不持久化会话（每次需要重新授权）
+            if token.is_some() {
-        proxy
+                tracing::info!("Attempting to restore portal session with saved token");
-            .select_sources(
+            }
-                &session,
+            (PersistMode::ExplicitlyRevoked, token)
-                SelectSourcesOptions::default()
+        } else {
+            (PersistMode::DoNot, None)
+        };
+
+        let mut options = SelectSourcesOptions::default()
             .set_cursor_mode(CursorMode::Embedded)
             .set_sources(ashpd::enumflags2::BitFlags::from(SourceType::Monitor))
             .set_multiple(false)
-                    .set_persist_mode(PersistMode::DoNot),
+            .set_persist_mode(persist_mode);
-            )
+
+        if let Some(ref token) = saved_token {
+            options = options.set_restore_token(token.as_str());
+        }
+
+        proxy
+            .select_sources(&session, options)
             .await
             .map_err(|e| {
-                anyhow::anyhow!("屏幕共享权限被拒绝 / Screen sharing permission denied: {e}")
+                anyhow::anyhow!("Screen sharing permission denied: {e}")
             })?;
 
-        // 启动录制会话，此时桌面环境会弹出权限确认对话框
-        // 用户确认后返回包含 PipeWire 流信息的响应
         let response = proxy
             .start(&session, None, Default::default())
             .await
@@ -228,18 +222,19 @@ impl CapPortal {
             .response()
             .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("ScreenCast response error: {e}"))?;
 
-        // 获取返回的第一个（也是唯一的）视频流
+        if !no_persist && version_supported {
-        // 每个流对应一个 PipeWire 节点
+            if let Some(new_token) = response.restore_token() {
+                save_restore_token(new_token);
+            }
+        }
+
         let stream = response
             .streams()
             .first()
             .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("No streams returned from ScreenCast"))?;
 
-        // 提取 PipeWire 节点 ID，用于后续连接到该节点的视频流
         let node_id = stream.pipe_wire_node_id();
 
-        // 打开 PipeWire 远程连接，获取文件描述符
-        // 这个 fd 允许直接与 PipeWire 守护进程通信
         let fd = proxy
             .open_pipe_wire_remote(&session, Default::default())
             .await
@@ -251,6 +246,30 @@ impl CapPortal {
     }
 }
 
+fn token_path() -> PathBuf {
+    let base = dirs::cache_dir()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| PathBuf::from("/tmp"));
+    base.join("wl-webrtc").join("portal-restore-token")
+}
+
+fn load_restore_token() -> Option<String> {
+    let path = token_path();
+    let token = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).ok()?;
+    let trimmed = token.trim().to_string();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() { None } else { Some(trimmed) }
+}
+
+fn save_restore_token(token: &str) {
+    let path = token_path();
+    if let Some(parent) = path.parent() {
+        let _ = std::fs::create_dir_all(parent);
+    }
+    match std::fs::write(&path, token) {
+        Ok(()) => tracing::info!("Saved portal restore token"),
+        Err(e) => tracing::warn!("Failed to save restore token: {e}"),
+    }
+}
+
 impl Drop for CapPortal {
     /// 析构时安全关闭 PipeWire 线程
     ///
@@ -296,52 +315,49 @@ impl Drop for CapPortal {
 fn pipewire_thread(ctx: PwThreadCtx) {
     use pipewire as pw;
     use pw::properties::properties;
+    use pw::spa::param::video::VideoInfoRaw;
     use pw::stream::{StreamBox, StreamFlags};
     use std::cell::Cell;
     use std::rc::Rc;
-    use pw::spa::param::video::VideoInfoRaw;
 
-    // 初始化 PipeWire 库，必须在任何 PipeWire 操作之前调用
+    // 初始化 PipeWire 进程全局库。
+    //
+    // pipewire-rs 内部使用 OnceCell 保护 pw::init()，确保只调用一次。
+    // pw::deinit() 是 unsafe 且要求"进程生命周期内仅调用一次，且所有
+    // PipeWire 使用已停止"。由于 CapPortal 可被多次创建销毁，此函数
+    // 不调用 pw::deinit()——进程退出时全局状态由 OS 回收。
     pw::init();
 
-    // 解构上下文，取出所有必要资源
-    // fps 重命名为 _fps 表示当前未使用（保留供将来帧率控制使用）
     let PwThreadCtx {
         frame_tx,
+        event_tx,
         dropped,
         shutdown_read,
         pw_fd,
         node_id,
-        fps: _fps,
+        fps,
     } = ctx;
 
-    // 创建 PipeWire MainLoop（主事件循环）
-    // MainLoopBox 是栈分配的 PipeWire 主循环封装
     let mainloop = match pw::main_loop::MainLoopBox::new(None) {
         Ok(ml) => ml,
         Err(e) => {
-            let _ = frame_tx.send(PwEvent::Error(format!("MainLoop::new failed: {e}")));
+            let _ = event_tx.try_send(PwCtrlEvent::Error(format!("MainLoop::new failed: {e}")));
             return;
         }
     };
 
-    // 创建 PipeWire Context，用于管理核心对象和协议处理
     let context = match pw::context::ContextBox::new(mainloop.loop_(), None) {
         Ok(c) => c,
         Err(e) => {
-            let _ = frame_tx.send(PwEvent::Error(format!("Context::new failed: {e}")));
+            let _ = event_tx.try_send(PwCtrlEvent::Error(format!("Context::new failed: {e}")));
             return;
         }
     };
 
-    // 使用 Portal 提供的 fd 连接到 PipeWire 核心守护进程
-    // connect_fd 接管该 fd 的所有权（通过 dup），不关闭原始 fd
     let core = match context.connect_fd(pw_fd, None) {
         Ok(c) => c,
         Err(e) => {
-            let _ = frame_tx.send(PwEvent::Error(format!(
+            let _ = event_tx.try_send(PwCtrlEvent::Error(format!("connect_fd failed: {e}")));
-                "connect_fd failed: {e}"
-            )));
             return;
         }
     };
@@ -358,37 +374,30 @@ fn pipewire_thread(ctx: PwThreadCtx) {
             *pw::keys::MEDIA_TYPE => "Video",
             *pw::keys::MEDIA_CATEGORY => "Capture",
             *pw::keys::MEDIA_ROLE => "Screen",
+            *pw::keys::NODE_FORCE_QUANTUM => "512",
         },
     ) {
         Ok(s) => s,
         Err(e) => {
-            let _ = frame_tx.send(PwEvent::Error(format!("Stream::new failed: {e}")));
+            let _ = event_tx.try_send(PwCtrlEvent::Error(format!("Stream::new failed: {e}")));
             return;
         }
     };
 
-    // 共享的格式状态: (宽度, 高度, DRM FourCC 格式, 修饰符)
+    let format_info: Rc<Cell<Option<(u32, u32, u32, u64)>>> = Rc::new(Cell::new(None));
-    // 使用 Rc<Cell<>> 因为 PipeWire 回调在同一个线程内执行，无需跨线程同步
-    // Cell<Option<...>> 允许在不可变引用中修改值（内部可变性）
-    // format_info 在 param_changed 回调中设置，在 process 回调中读取
-    let format_info: Rc<Cell<Option<(u32, u32, u32, u64)>>> =
-        Rc::new(Cell::new(None));
 
-    let frame_tx_clone = frame_tx.clone();
+    let event_tx_state = event_tx.clone();
-    // 注册流事件监听器，包含三个回调:
-    //   - state_changed: 流状态变化通知
-    //   - param_changed: 格式协商完成通知
-    //   - process: 每帧数据处理
     let _listener = stream
         .add_local_listener::<()>()
-        // 流状态变化回调
-        // 当流进入 Error 或 Unconnected 状态时，通知消费者流已结束
         .state_changed(move |_, _, old, new| {
-            tracing::debug!("PipeWire stream state: {old:?} -> {new:?}");
+            tracing::info!("PipeWire stream state: {old:?} -> {new:?}");
             match new {
-                pw::stream::StreamState::Error(_)
+                pw::stream::StreamState::Error(e) => {
-                | pw::stream::StreamState::Unconnected => {
+                    tracing::error!("PipeWire stream error: {e}");
-                    let _ = frame_tx_clone.send(PwEvent::StreamEnded);
+                    let _ = event_tx_state.try_send(PwCtrlEvent::StreamEnded);
+                }
+                pw::stream::StreamState::Unconnected => {
+                    let _ = event_tx_state.try_send(PwCtrlEvent::StreamEnded);
                 }
                 _ => {}
             }
@@ -416,11 +425,16 @@ fn pipewire_thread(ctx: PwThreadCtx) {
                 let drm_format = spa_to_drm_fourcc(info.format());
                 // 获取 DRM 修饰符，描述 GPU buffer 的内存布局（如 tiling 模式）
                 let modifier = info.modifier();
+                let framerate = info.framerate();
+                let max_framerate = info.max_framerate();
                 // 保存协商后的格式信息，供 process 回调读取
                 format_info.set(Some((width, height, drm_format, modifier)));
                 tracing::info!(
                     "PipeWire format negotiated: {width}x{height}, \
-                     drm_format={drm_format:#010x}, modifier={modifier:#x}"
+                     drm_format={drm_format:#010x}, modifier={modifier:#x}, \
+                     framerate={}/{}, max_framerate={}/{}",
+                    framerate.num, framerate.denom,
+                    max_framerate.num, max_framerate.denom,
                 );
             }
         })
@@ -432,7 +446,7 @@ fn pipewire_thread(ctx: PwThreadCtx) {
             let frame_tx = frame_tx.clone();
             let dropped = dropped;
             move |stream, _| {
-                // 从流中出队原始 buffer（包含帧数据的元信息）
+
                 let raw_buf = unsafe { stream.dequeue_raw_buffer() };
                 if raw_buf.is_null() {
                     return;
@@ -456,14 +470,18 @@ fn pipewire_thread(ctx: PwThreadCtx) {
 
                 // 从第一个数据项中获取 DMA-BUF 文件描述符
                 // 通过 libspa 的 Data 包装类型安全地访问 SPA 数据结构
-                let data_ref: &pw::spa::buffer::Data = unsafe { &*(datas_ptr as *const pw::spa::buffer::Data) };
+                let data_ref: &pw::spa::buffer::Data =
+                    unsafe { &*(datas_ptr as *const pw::spa::buffer::Data) };
                 let fd = data_ref.fd();
                 if fd < 0 {
                     unsafe { stream.queue_raw_buffer(raw_buf) };
                     return;
                 }
 
-                // 获取 chunk 信息，包含帧数据在 DMA-BUF 中的偏移量和行跨度
+                if data_ref.as_raw().chunk.is_null() {
+                    unsafe { stream.queue_raw_buffer(raw_buf) };
+                    return;
+                }
                 let chunk = data_ref.chunk();
                 let offset = chunk.offset() as u64;
                 let stride = chunk.stride() as u32;
@@ -479,7 +497,8 @@ fn pipewire_thread(ctx: PwThreadCtx) {
                         for i in 0..n_metas {
                             let meta = &*metas.add(i as usize);
                             if meta.type_ == libspa::sys::SPA_META_Header
-                                && meta.size as usize >= std::mem::size_of::<libspa::sys::spa_meta_header>()
+                                && meta.size as usize
+                                    >= std::mem::size_of::<libspa::sys::spa_meta_header>()
                                 && !meta.data.is_null()
                             {
                                 let header = &*(meta.data as *const libspa::sys::spa_meta_header);
@@ -522,52 +541,30 @@ fn pipewire_thread(ctx: PwThreadCtx) {
                     pts,
                 };
 
-                // 尝试非阻塞发送帧到通道
+                if let Err(crossbeam_channel::TrySendError::Full(_)) = frame_tx.try_send(frame) {
-                // 如果通道已满（消费者处理不过来），丢弃该帧并增加丢弃计数
-                // 每 30 帧丢弃时输出一条警告日志，避免日志洪泛
-                if let Err(crossbeam_channel::TrySendError::Full(_)) =
-                    frame_tx.try_send(PwEvent::Frame(frame))
-                {
                     let prev = dropped.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                     if prev > 0 && prev % 30 == 0 {
                         tracing::warn!("dropped {prev} frames total: encoder backlog");
                     }
                 }
-                // 无论是否成功发送帧，都必须将 buffer 重新入队
-                // PipeWire 会复用这些 buffer，不入队会导致 buffer 泄漏
                 unsafe { stream.queue_raw_buffer(raw_buf) };
             }
         })
         .register();
 
-    // 空的参数数组，不主动请求特定格式（由 PipeWire 和源端协商决定）
     let mut params: [&pw::spa::pod::Pod; 0] = [];
 
-    // 连接到指定的 PipeWire 节点
-    // Direction::Input: 作为消费者（输入方向接收数据）
-    // AUTOCONNECT: 允许 PipeWire 自动连接源和消费者
-    // MAP_BUFFERS: 映射 buffer 到用户空间（DMA-BUF 模式下必须设置）
     if let Err(e) = stream.connect(
         pw::spa::utils::Direction::Input,
         Some(node_id),
         StreamFlags::AUTOCONNECT | StreamFlags::MAP_BUFFERS,
         &mut params,
     ) {
-        let _ = frame_tx.send(PwEvent::Error(format!("stream.connect failed: {e}")));
+        let _ = event_tx.try_send(PwCtrlEvent::Error(format!("stream.connect failed: {e}")));
         return;
     }
 
     let loop_ = mainloop.loop_();
-    // 注册信号处理（空回调），阻止 SIGINT/SIGTERM 默认行为终止线程
-    // 真正的退出通过 shutdown eventfd 控制
-    loop_.add_signal_local(
-        pw::loop_::Signal::SIGINT,
-        Box::new(|| {}),
-    );
-    loop_.add_signal_local(
-        pw::loop_::Signal::SIGTERM,
-        Box::new(|| {}),
-    );
 
     // Register the shutdown eventfd on the PipeWire loop.
     //
@@ -607,10 +604,7 @@ fn pipewire_thread(ctx: PwThreadCtx) {
     // run() returned — _shutdown_source drops first (reverse declaration order),
     // which unregisters the callback from the loop. Then mainloop drops.
     // No dangling raw pointers are possible.
-
+    // PipeWire global state is intentionally not deinitialized here — see pw::init() comment above.
-    // SAFETY: pipewire has been initialized with pw::init() above and all
-    // PipeWire resources (mainloop, stream) have been dropped.
-    unsafe { pw::deinit() };
 }
 
 /// 将四个 ASCII 字符编码为 32 位 FourCC (Four Character Code) 标识符
@@ -628,35 +622,65 @@ const fn fourcc(a: u8, b: u8, c: u8, d: u8) -> u32 {
 /// 此函数建立了两者之间的映射关系。
 ///
 /// 支持的格式:
-///   - BGRA/BGRx: 蓝绿红(Alpha/X) 32位格式
-///   - RGBA/RGBx: 红绿蓝(Alpha/X) 32位格式
-///   - ARGB/xRGB: Alpha/X-红绿蓝 32位格式 (映射为 AR24/XR24)
-///   - ABGR/xBGR: Alpha/X-蓝绿红 32位格式 (映射为 AB24/XB24)
-///
 /// 不支持的格式返回 0
+/// DRM 格式名描述像素值位布局（大端序），而非内存字节序。
+/// 例如 DRM_FORMAT_ARGB8888 在小端 x86 上内存为 [B,G,R,A] = PipeWire BGRA。
 fn spa_to_drm_fourcc(format: libspa::param::video::VideoFormat) -> u32 {
+    use drm_fourcc::DrmFourcc;
     use libspa::param::video::VideoFormat;
     match format {
-        VideoFormat::BGRA => fourcc(b'B', b'G', b'R', b'A'),
+        VideoFormat::BGRA => DrmFourcc::Argb8888 as u32,
-        VideoFormat::BGRx => fourcc(b'B', b'G', b'R', b'X'),
+        VideoFormat::BGRx => DrmFourcc::Xrgb8888 as u32,
-        VideoFormat::RGBA => fourcc(b'R', b'G', b'B', b'A'),
+        VideoFormat::RGBA => DrmFourcc::Abgr8888 as u32,
-        VideoFormat::RGBx => fourcc(b'R', b'G', b'B', b'X'),
+        VideoFormat::RGBx => DrmFourcc::Xbgr8888 as u32,
-        VideoFormat::ARGB => fourcc(b'A', b'R', b'2', b'4'),
+        VideoFormat::ARGB => DrmFourcc::Bgra8888 as u32,
-        VideoFormat::xRGB => fourcc(b'X', b'R', b'2', b'4'),
+        VideoFormat::xRGB => DrmFourcc::Bgrx8888 as u32,
-        VideoFormat::ABGR => fourcc(b'A', b'B', b'2', b'4'),
+        VideoFormat::ABGR => DrmFourcc::Rgba8888 as u32,
-        VideoFormat::xBGR => fourcc(b'X', b'B', b'2', b'4'),
+        VideoFormat::xBGR => DrmFourcc::Rgbx8888 as u32,
-        // 不支持的格式返回 0，调用者应检查此值
+        _ => 0,
-        _ => 0,    }
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use drm_fourcc::DrmFourcc;
 
     #[test]
-    fn spa_to_drm_fourcc_bgra() {
+    fn spa_to_drm_fourcc_all_32bit() {
         use libspa::param::video::VideoFormat;
-        assert_eq!(spa_to_drm_fourcc(VideoFormat::BGRA), fourcc(b'B', b'G', b'R', b'A'));
+        assert_eq!(
+            spa_to_drm_fourcc(VideoFormat::BGRA),
+            DrmFourcc::Argb8888 as u32
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            spa_to_drm_fourcc(VideoFormat::BGRx),
+            DrmFourcc::Xrgb8888 as u32
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            spa_to_drm_fourcc(VideoFormat::RGBA),
+            DrmFourcc::Abgr8888 as u32
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            spa_to_drm_fourcc(VideoFormat::RGBx),
+            DrmFourcc::Xbgr8888 as u32
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            spa_to_drm_fourcc(VideoFormat::ARGB),
+            DrmFourcc::Bgra8888 as u32
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            spa_to_drm_fourcc(VideoFormat::xRGB),
+            DrmFourcc::Bgrx8888 as u32
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            spa_to_drm_fourcc(VideoFormat::ABGR),
+            DrmFourcc::Rgba8888 as u32
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            spa_to_drm_fourcc(VideoFormat::xBGR),
+            DrmFourcc::Rgbx8888 as u32
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -664,10 +688,4 @@ mod tests {
         use libspa::param::video::VideoFormat;
         assert_eq!(spa_to_drm_fourcc(VideoFormat::NV12), 0);
     }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn fourcc_values() {
-        assert_eq!(fourcc(b'B', b'G', b'R', b'A'), 0x41524742);
-        assert_eq!(fourcc(b'R', b'G', b'B', b'A'), 0x41424752);
-    }
 }

src/fps_limit.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 pub struct FpsLimit<T> {
-    on_deck: Option<(T, Instant)>,
+    on_deck: Option<T>,
+    last_output_time: Option<Instant>,
     min_interval: Duration,
 }
 
@@ -9,30 +10,32 @@ impl<T> FpsLimit<T> {
     pub fn new(fps: u32) -> Self {
         Self {
             on_deck: None,
+            last_output_time: None,
             min_interval: Duration::from_secs_f64(1.0 / fps as f64),
         }
     }
 
     /// Feed a new frame. Returns:
-    /// - Some(previous_frame) if enough time elapsed since previous frame
+    /// - Some(()) if enough time elapsed since the last output — proceed to encode current frame
-    /// - None if frame is buffered (first frame) or previous is dropped (too close)
+    /// - None if too close to the last output — drop current frame
     pub fn on_new_frame(&mut self, frame: T, timestamp: Instant) -> Option<T> {
-        let old = self.on_deck.replace((frame, timestamp));
+        let ready = match self.last_output_time {
-        match old {
+            None => true,
-            None => None, // First frame — buffer it
+            Some(last) => timestamp.duration_since(last) >= self.min_interval,
-            Some((old_frame, old_ts)) => {
+        };
-                if timestamp.duration_since(old_ts) >= self.min_interval {
+
-                    Some(old_frame) // Enough time — output previous
+        if ready {
+            self.last_output_time = Some(timestamp);
+            self.on_deck = Some(frame);
+            self.on_deck.take()
         } else {
-                    None // Too close — discard previous, keep new
+            let _ = self.on_deck.replace(frame);
-                }
+            None
-            }
         }
     }
 
-    /// Flush the last buffered frame at end of stream
     pub fn flush(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
-        self.on_deck.take().map(|(frame, _ts)| frame)
+        self.on_deck.take()
     }
 }
 
@@ -41,15 +44,15 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
-    fn first_frame_is_buffered() {
+    fn first_frame_passes_immediately() {
         let mut limiter: FpsLimit<u32> = FpsLimit::new(30);
         let now = Instant::now();
         let result = limiter.on_new_frame(1u32, now);
-        assert!(result.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(result, Some(1));
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn frames_too_close_drops_old() {
+    fn frames_too_close_are_dropped() {
         let mut limiter: FpsLimit<u32> = FpsLimit::new(30);
         let now = Instant::now();
         limiter.on_new_frame(1, now);
@@ -58,12 +61,29 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn frames_far_enough_output_old() {
+    fn frames_far_enough_pass() {
         let mut limiter: FpsLimit<u32> = FpsLimit::new(30);
         let now = Instant::now();
         limiter.on_new_frame(1, now);
-        let result = limiter.on_new_frame(2, now + Duration::from_millis(40));
+        let result = limiter.on_new_frame(2, now + Duration::from_millis(34));
-        assert_eq!(result, Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(result, Some(2));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn high_fps_input_downsampled_correctly() {
+        let mut limiter: FpsLimit<u32> = FpsLimit::new(30);
+        let base = Instant::now();
+        let mut outputs = Vec::new();
+
+        for i in 0..10u32 {
+            let t = base + Duration::from_millis(i as u64 * 16);
+            if let Some(f) = limiter.on_new_frame(i, t) {
+                outputs.push(f);
+            }
+        }
+
+        assert!(outputs.len() >= 3, "expected at least 3 outputs, got {} ({:?})", outputs.len(), outputs);
+        assert_eq!(outputs[0], 0);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -71,7 +91,8 @@ mod tests {
         let mut limiter: FpsLimit<u32> = FpsLimit::new(30);
         let now = Instant::now();
         limiter.on_new_frame(1, now);
-        assert_eq!(limiter.flush(), Some(1));
+        limiter.on_new_frame(2, now + Duration::from_millis(1));
+        assert_eq!(limiter.flush(), Some(2));
         assert_eq!(limiter.flush(), None);
     }
 }

src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+pub mod args;
+pub mod avhw;
+pub mod backend_detect;
+pub mod cap_portal;
+pub mod cap_wlr_screencopy;
+pub mod fps_limit;
+pub mod state;
+pub mod state_portal;
+pub mod transform;
+pub mod webrtc;

src/main.rs

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ mod fps_limit;       // 帧率限制器
 mod state; // wlr-screencopy 后端的主状态机
 mod state_portal; // Portal/PipeWire 后端的主状态机
 mod transform; // 图像变换（旋转/翻转）
+mod webrtc; // WebRTC 传输（str0m Sans-IO）
 
 use crate::args::Args;
 use crate::cap_wlr_screencopy::CapWlrScreencopy;
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
         } else {
             tracing::Level::INFO
         })
+        .with_writer(std::io::stderr)
         .init();
 
     tracing::info!("wl-webrtc starting");
@@ -59,18 +61,18 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
         anyhow::bail!("HEVC not supported in MVP. Use --codec h264");
     }
 
+    if args.output.is_none() && args.port == 0 {
+        anyhow::bail!("Either --output or --port is required");
+    }
+
     // 自动检测当前桌面环境可用的截屏后端
     // 会尝试列举 Wayland 全局对象，判断合成器是否支持 wlr-screencopy 协议
     let backend = crate::backend_detect::detect_backend(&args)?;
 
     // 根据检测结果进入对应的事件循环
     match backend {
-        crate::backend_detect::CaptureBackend::WlrScreencopy => {
+        crate::backend_detect::CaptureBackend::WlrScreencopy => run_wlr_screencopy(args),
-            run_wlr_screencopy(args)
+        crate::backend_detect::CaptureBackend::PortalPipeWire => run_portal_pipewire(args),
-        }
-        crate::backend_detect::CaptureBackend::PortalPipeWire => {
-            run_portal_pipewire(args)
-        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -305,21 +307,17 @@ fn run_portal_pipewire(args: Args) -> Result<()> {
     // 只注册信号 fd，没有 Wayland fd
     // 所以 poll.poll 在这里只负责检测 SIGINT/SIGTERM
     // 实际的帧采集完全依赖 poll_and_encode 的轮询
-    poll.registry().register(
+    poll.registry()
-        &mut signals,
+        .register(&mut signals, mio::Token(1), mio::Interest::READABLE)?;
-        mio::Token(1),
-        mio::Interest::READABLE,
-    )?;
 
-    // 主事件循环（超时 10ms，比 wlr-screencopy 更短，因为不依赖 Wayland fd 唤醒）
+    // 主事件循环（非阻塞信号检测 + recv_timeout 等待帧）
-    // 10ms 超时的作用是让循环高频转动，以便及时处理 PipeWire 投递的帧
+    // poll 超时为 0ms（非阻塞），实际等待由 poll_and_encode 的 recv_timeout 实现
-    // 如果没有信号，poll 最多阻塞 10ms 就会超时返回
     let mut running = true;
     while running {
-        // poll 在此循环中只监听信号 fd，所以：
+        // poll 在此循环中只监听信号 fd（非阻塞）：
         // - 收到 SIGINT/SIGTERM → 事件触发，设置 running=false
-        // - 超时 10ms → 事件为空，继续执行 poll_and_encode
+        // - 无事件 → 立即返回，继续执行 poll_and_encode（内部 recv_timeout 等待帧）
-        poll.poll(&mut events, Some(std::time::Duration::from_millis(10)))
+        poll.poll(&mut events, Some(std::time::Duration::from_millis(0)))
             .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                 if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::Interrupted {
                     return;
@@ -328,7 +326,6 @@ fn run_portal_pipewire(args: Args) -> Result<()> {
                 running = false;
             });
 
-        // 遍历事件，检查是否收到退出信号
         for event in &events {
             if event.token() == mio::Token(1) {
                 tracing::info!("Received quit signal");
@@ -341,7 +338,9 @@ fn run_portal_pipewire(args: Args) -> Result<()> {
         // poll_and_encode 会从 PipeWire 缓冲区取出帧，
         // 编码为 H.264 并推送。返回 true 表示还有更多帧待处理，
         // 返回 false 表示当前没有帧了，while 循环退出等待下一轮 poll
-        while state.poll_and_encode()? {}
+        if state.poll_and_encode(true)? {
+            while state.poll_and_encode(false)? {}
+        }
 
         // Portal 状态机遇到致命错误时退出
         if state.is_errored() {

src/state.rs

@@ -188,23 +188,29 @@ pub struct State<S: CaptureSource> {
 // Helpers
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+/// Scan /dev/dri for all available DRM render nodes (renderD*), sorted by node number.
+pub(crate) fn find_drm_render_nodes() -> Vec<PathBuf> {
+    let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir("/dev/dri") else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+
+    let mut nodes: Vec<(u32, PathBuf)> = entries
+        .filter_map(Result::ok)
+        .filter_map(|entry| {
+            let path = entry.path();
+            let name = path.file_name()?.to_str()?;
+            let number = name.strip_prefix("renderD")?.parse::<u32>().ok()?;
+            std::fs::metadata(&path).ok()?;
+            Some((number, path))
+        })
+        .collect();
+    nodes.sort_by_key(|(number, _)| *number);
+    nodes.into_iter().map(|(_, path)| path).collect()
+}
+
 /// Scan /dev/dri for the first available DRM render node (renderD*).
 fn find_drm_render_node() -> Option<PathBuf> {
-    std::fs::read_dir("/dev/dri")
+    find_drm_render_nodes().into_iter().next()
-        .ok()?
-        .filter_map(|e| e.ok())
-        .filter(|e| {
-            e.file_name()
-                .to_str()
-                .map(|s| s.starts_with("renderD"))
-                .unwrap_or(false)
-        })
-        .filter_map(|e| {
-            let path = e.path();
-            std::fs::metadata(&path).ok()?;
-            Some(path)
-        })
-        .min_by_key(|e| e.to_path_buf())
 }
 
 impl<S: CaptureSource> State<S> {
@@ -562,11 +568,7 @@ impl<S: CaptureSource> State<S> {
         tracing::error!("compositor copy failed");
         let taken = mem::replace(&mut self.in_flight_surface, InFlightSurface::None);
         match taken {
-            InFlightSurface::CopyQueued {
+            InFlightSurface::CopyQueued { buffer, frame, .. } => {
-                buffer,
-                frame,
-                ..
-            } => {
                 drop(buffer);
                 if let EncConstructionStage::Streaming { cap, .. } = &mut self.stage {
                     cap.on_done_with_frame(frame);
@@ -584,32 +586,41 @@ impl<S: CaptureSource> State<S> {
             EncConstructionStage::EverythingButFmt {
                 output_info,
                 output,
-                hw_device_ctx: _hw_device_ctx,
+                hw_device_ctx,
                 cap,
                 screencopy_manager,
                 dmabuf,
-            } => (output_info, output, cap, screencopy_manager, dmabuf),
+            } => (
+                output_info,
+                output,
+                hw_device_ctx,
+                cap,
+                screencopy_manager,
+                dmabuf,
+            ),
             other => {
                 tracing::warn!("negotiate_format: not in EverythingButFmt stage");
                 self.stage = other;
                 return;
             }
         };
-        let (output_info, output, cap, screencopy_manager, dmabuf) = stage_data;
+        let (output_info, output, hw_device_ctx, cap, screencopy_manager, dmabuf) = stage_data;
         let drm_path = self.resolve_drm_path();
         let fps = self.args.fps;
-        let bitrate = self.args.bitrate.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let bitrate = self
-            2 * (width as u64) * (height as u64) * (fps as u64) / 100
+            .args
-        });
+            .bitrate
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| 2 * (width as u64) * (height as u64) * (fps as u64) / 100);
         let enc = match crate::avhw::create_encoder(
             &drm_path,
-            Path::new(&self.args.output),
+            Path::new(self.args.output.as_deref().expect("output required for MP4 mode")),
             width,
             height,
             fps,
             output_info.transform,
             self.args.bitrate,
             self.args.gop_size,
+            Some(hw_device_ctx),
         ) {
             Ok(enc) => enc,
             Err(e) => {
@@ -1192,11 +1203,7 @@ impl<S: CaptureSource> Dispatch<ZwpLinuxBufferParamsV1, ()> for State<S> {
                 tracing::error!("DMA-BUF buffer creation failed");
                 let taken = mem::replace(&mut state.in_flight_surface, InFlightSurface::None);
                 match taken {
-                    InFlightSurface::CopyQueued {
+                    InFlightSurface::CopyQueued { buffer, frame, .. } => {
-                        buffer,
-                        frame,
-                        ..
-                    } => {
                         drop(buffer);
                         if let EncConstructionStage::Streaming { cap, .. } = &mut state.stage {
                             cap.on_done_with_frame(frame);
@@ -1228,11 +1235,11 @@ impl Dispatch<ZwlrScreencopyFrameV1, ()> for State<CapWlrScreencopy> {
         _qhandle: &QueueHandle<State<CapWlrScreencopy>>,
     ) {
         match event {
+            // SHM buffer offer — in v3 the compositor enumerates supported buffer
+            // types (buffer and/or linux_dmabuf) before buffer_done.  We only
+            // support DMA-BUF, so just log and wait for linux_dmabuf / buffer_done.
             ScreencopyFrameEvent::Buffer { .. } => {
-                tracing::warn!(
+                tracing::debug!("Received SHM Buffer offer — only DMA-BUF capture is supported");
-                    "Received SHM Buffer event — only DMA-BUF capture is supported. Ignoring."
-                );
-                return;
             }
             ScreencopyFrameEvent::LinuxDmabuf {
                 format,
@@ -1240,6 +1247,12 @@ impl Dispatch<ZwlrScreencopyFrameV1, ()> for State<CapWlrScreencopy> {
                 height,
             } => {
                 tracing::debug!("Screencopy LinuxDmabuf: format={format}, {width}x{height}");
+
+                if !matches!(state.in_flight_surface, InFlightSurface::AllocQueued) {
+                    tracing::warn!("Received LinuxDmabuf while no frame allocation was queued");
+                    return;
+                }
+
                 if matches!(state.stage, EncConstructionStage::EverythingButFmt { .. }) {
                     state.negotiate_format(format, width, height);
                     if state.errored {
@@ -1251,6 +1264,20 @@ impl Dispatch<ZwlrScreencopyFrameV1, ()> for State<CapWlrScreencopy> {
                 }
                 state.on_frame_allocd((), format, width, height);
             }
+            // v3 terminal event: all buffer offers have been enumerated.
+            // If still AllocQueued, the compositor never sent linux_dmabuf —
+            // DMA-BUF screencopy is unsupported, so we must error out.
+            ScreencopyFrameEvent::BufferDone => {
+                if matches!(state.in_flight_surface, InFlightSurface::AllocQueued) {
+                    tracing::error!(
+                        "Compositor did not offer DMA-BUF screencopy (only SHM); \
+                         DMA-BUF capture is required"
+                    );
+                    state.in_flight_surface = InFlightSurface::None;
+                    proxy.destroy();
+                    state.errored = true;
+                }
+            }
             ScreencopyFrameEvent::Ready {
                 tv_sec_hi,
                 tv_sec_lo,

src/state_portal.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
 // 采集门户状态模块 —— 通过 PipeWire/DMA-BUF 进行屏幕采集并编码
-use std::mem;
+use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use anyhow::{bail, Result};
-use ffmpeg_next as ff;
-use ffmpeg_next::ffi;
 
 use crate::args::Args;
-use crate::avhw::{self, EncState};
+use crate::avhw::{self, SwEncState};
-use crate::cap_portal::{CapPortal, PwDmaBufFrame, PwEvent};
+use crate::cap_portal::{CapPortal, PwCtrlEvent, PwDmaBufFrame};
-use crate::fps_limit::FpsLimit;
+use crate::webrtc::WebRtcState;
-use crate::transform::Transform;
 
 /// 门户采集的阶段状态
 /// - WaitingForFormat: 等待接收到第一帧 DMA-BUF 以确定视频格式参数
@@ -25,24 +23,20 @@ enum PortalStage {
 /// 负责管理从 PipeWire 采集屏幕帧、通过 VAAPI 硬件编码的完整生命周期。
 /// 工作流程：等待第一帧 → 创建编码器 → 持续编码帧数据。
 pub struct StatePortal {
-    /// 当前采集阶段
     stage: PortalStage,
-    /// 硬件编码器状态（第一帧到达后才初始化）
+    enc: Option<SwEncState>,
-    enc: Option<EncState>,
-    /// 帧率限制器
-    fps_limit: FpsLimit<()>,
-    /// PipeWire 屏幕采集端点
     cap: CapPortal,
-    /// 命令行参数
     args: Args,
-    /// 是否遇到错误
     errored: bool,
-    /// 是否为第一帧（首帧跳过帧率限制）
+    drm_device: Option<PathBuf>,
-    first_frame: bool,
+    frames_encoded: u64,
-    /// DRM 渲染设备路径（如 /dev/dri/renderD128）
+    start_time: Option<Instant>,
-    drm_device: PathBuf,
+    last_stats_time: Option<Instant>,
-    /// 第一帧的时间戳（纳秒），用于计算相对 PTS
+    last_stats_frames: u64,
-    first_pts_ns: Option<i64>,
+    webrtc: Option<WebRtcState>,
+    webrtc_tx: Option<crossbeam_channel::Sender<Vec<u8>>>,
+    webrtc_rx: Option<crossbeam_channel::Receiver<Vec<u8>>>,
+    webrtc_frames_sent: u64,
 }
 
 impl StatePortal {
@@ -51,38 +45,78 @@ impl StatePortal {
     /// 初始化 DRM 设备路径和 PipeWire 采集端点，编码器延迟到第一帧到达时创建。
     pub fn new(args: Args) -> Result<Self> {
         let drm_device = resolve_drm_device(&args)?;
+        if let Some(ref drm_device) = drm_device {
             tracing::info!("Using DRM device: {}", drm_device.display());
+        } else {
+            tracing::info!("DRM device auto-detection enabled");
+        }
 
         let cap = CapPortal::new(&args)?;
 
+        let (webrtc, webrtc_tx, webrtc_rx) = if args.port > 0 {
+            let (tx, rx) = crossbeam_channel::bounded(32);
+            let wrtc = WebRtcState::new(args.port, args.fps)?;
+            (Some(wrtc), Some(tx), Some(rx))
+        } else {
+            (None, None, None)
+        };
+
         Ok(Self {
             stage: PortalStage::WaitingForFormat,
             enc: None,
-            fps_limit: FpsLimit::new(args.fps),
             cap,
             args,
             errored: false,
-            first_frame: true,
             drm_device,
-            first_pts_ns: None,
+            frames_encoded: 0,
+            start_time: None,
+            last_stats_time: None,
+            last_stats_frames: 0,
+            webrtc,
+            webrtc_tx,
+            webrtc_rx,
+            webrtc_frames_sent: 0,
         })
     }
 
     /// 轮询 PipeWire 事件并编码帧
     ///
-    /// 尝试从采集端点接收一帧事件。返回 `Ok(true)` 表示已处理事件，
+    /// `block=true` 时使用 recv_timeout 阻塞等待帧（最多 10ms），
-    /// `Ok(false)` 表示暂无数据。内部根据当前阶段（等待格式/流式）分发处理。
+    /// `block=false` 时使用 try_recv 非阻塞检查。
-    pub fn poll_and_encode(&mut self) -> Result<bool> {
+    /// 返回 `Ok(true)` 表示已处理事件，`Ok(false)` 表示暂无数据。
-        let event = match self.cap.frame_receiver().try_recv() {
+    pub fn poll_and_encode(&mut self, block: bool) -> Result<bool> {
-            Ok(event) => event,
+        // WebRTC: process signaling, network, and forward encoded frames
+        self.poll_webrtc()?;
+
+        if let Ok(ctrl) = self.cap.event_receiver().try_recv() {
+            match ctrl {
+                PwCtrlEvent::StreamEnded => {
+                    tracing::warn!("PipeWire stream ended");
+                    self.errored = true;
+                    return Ok(true);
+                }
+                PwCtrlEvent::Error(e) => {
+                    tracing::error!("PipeWire error: {e}");
+                    self.errored = true;
+                    return Ok(true);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let frame = if block {
+            match self.cap.frame_receiver().recv_timeout(std::time::Duration::from_millis(10)) {
+                Ok(frame) => frame,
                 Err(_) => return Ok(false),
+            }
+        } else {
+            match self.cap.frame_receiver().try_recv() {
+                Ok(frame) => frame,
+                Err(_) => return Ok(false),
+            }
         };
 
-        match event {
-            PwEvent::Frame(frame) => {
         match self.stage {
             PortalStage::WaitingForFormat => {
-                        // 第一帧到达：记录格式信息并用该分辨率创建编码器
                 tracing::info!(
                     "First DMA-BUF frame: {}x{} format=0x{:08X} stride={} modifier=0x{:X}",
                     frame.width,
@@ -92,192 +126,182 @@ impl StatePortal {
                     frame.modifier
                 );
 
-                        let enc = avhw::create_encoder(
+                let drm_path = self.resolve_drm_device_for_frame(&frame)?;
-                            &self.drm_device,
+                let (enc_width, enc_height) = portal_encode_dimensions(frame.width, frame.height);
-                            self.args.output.as_ref(),
+                tracing::info!(
+                    "Portal software encode target: {}x{} -> {}x{} @ {} fps",
                     frame.width,
                     frame.height,
+                    enc_width,
+                    enc_height,
                     self.args.fps,
-                            Transform::Normal,
+                );
-                            self.args.bitrate,
+                let actual_bitrate = self.args.bitrate.unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                            self.args.gop_size,
+                    2 * (enc_width as u64) * (enc_height as u64) * (self.args.fps as u64) / 100
-                        )?;
+                });
+                let actual_gop_size = self.args.gop_size.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    if self.webrtc_tx.is_some() {
+                        (self.args.fps / 2).max(10)
+                    } else {
+                        self.args.fps
+                    }
+                });
+
+                let enc = if let Some(ref tx) = self.webrtc_tx {
+                    avhw::SwEncState::new_webrtc(
+                        &drm_path,
+                        frame.width,
+                        frame.height,
+                        enc_width,
+                        enc_height,
+                        self.args.fps,
+                        actual_bitrate,
+                        actual_gop_size,
+                        tx.clone(),
+                    )?
+                } else {
+                    avhw::SwEncState::new(
+                        &drm_path,
+                        std::path::Path::new(self.args.output.as_deref().expect("output required for MP4 mode")),
+                        frame.width,
+                        frame.height,
+                        enc_width,
+                        enc_height,
+                        self.args.fps,
+                        actual_bitrate,
+                        actual_gop_size,
+                    )?
+                };
 
                 self.enc = Some(enc);
                 self.stage = PortalStage::Streaming;
+                self.start_time = Some(Instant::now());
+                self.last_stats_time = Some(Instant::now());
+                tracing::info!("First frame processed, encoder initialized, transitioning to Streaming");
                 drop(frame);
             }
             PortalStage::Streaming => {
-                        // 流式阶段：处理每一帧 DMA-BUF 数据
                 self.handle_pw_frame(frame)?;
             }
         }
-            }
+
-            PwEvent::StreamEnded => {
+        // WebRTC: drain encoded frames produced by this poll before returning.
-                // PipeWire 流结束（如用户停止了屏幕共享）
+        self.poll_webrtc()?;
-                tracing::warn!("PipeWire stream ended");
-                self.errored = true;
-            }
-            PwEvent::Error(e) => {
-                // PipeWire 返回错误
-                tracing::error!("PipeWire error: {e}");
-                self.errored = true;
-            }
-        }
 
         Ok(true)
     }
 
-    /// 处理单帧 DMA-BUF 数据
+    fn resolve_drm_device_for_frame(&mut self, frame: &PwDmaBufFrame) -> Result<PathBuf> {
-    ///
+        if let Some(ref drm) = self.drm_device {
-    /// 完整的帧处理流水线：
+            return Ok(drm.clone());
-    /// 1. 帧率限制（首帧跳过）
+        }
-    /// 2. 构建 DRM 描述符
+
-    /// 3. 分配 DRM_PRIME 源帧
+        let candidates = crate::state::find_drm_render_nodes();
-    /// 4. 分配 VAAPI 硬件目标帧
+        if candidates.is_empty() {
-    /// 5. 通过 DMA-BUF 导入将帧数据导入 VAAPI
+            bail!("No DRM render device found. Specify --drm-device.");
-    /// 6. 计算 PTS 时间戳
+        }
-    /// 7. 回收 DRM 描述符内存
+
-    /// 8. 编码输出
+        let mut failures = Vec::new();
-    fn handle_pw_frame(&mut self, frame: PwDmaBufFrame) -> Result<()> {
+        for candidate in &candidates {
-        // 1. FPS limiting (first frame bypasses)
+            match crate::avhw::test_dma_buf_import(candidate, frame) {
-        // 帧率限制（首帧跳过限制，确保立即编码）
+                Ok(()) => {
-        if self.first_frame {
+                    tracing::info!(
-            self.first_frame = false;
+                        "Auto-detected DRM device: {} (tested {} candidates)",
-        } else {
+                        candidate.display(),
-            let now = std::time::Instant::now();
+                        candidates.len(),
-            if self.fps_limit.on_new_frame((), now).is_none() {
+                    );
-                return Ok(());
+                    self.drm_device = Some(candidate.clone());
+                    return Ok(candidate.clone());
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    tracing::debug!(
+                        "DRM device {} cannot import DMA-BUF: {e}",
+                        candidate.display(),
+                    );
+                    failures.push((candidate, e));
+                }
             }
         }
 
-        // 2. Build DRM descriptor for DMA-BUF import
-        // 根据 DMA-BUF 帧信息构建 FFmpeg DRM 描述符
-        let desc = build_drm_descriptor(&frame);
-        let desc_box = Box::new(desc);
-
-        // 3. Allocate raw DRM_PRIME source frame using Video wrapper
-        // 分配 DRM_PRIME 格式的源帧，将描述符指针挂载到 data[0]
-        let mut raw_frame = ff::frame::Video::empty();
-        unsafe {
-            let raw_ptr = raw_frame.as_mut_ptr();
-            (*raw_ptr).data[0] = Box::into_raw(desc_box) as *mut u8;
-            (*raw_ptr).format = ffi::AVPixelFormat::AV_PIX_FMT_DRM_PRIME as i32;
-            (*raw_ptr).width = frame.width as i32;
-            (*raw_ptr).height = frame.height as i32;
-        }
-
-        // 4. Get encoder reference
-        // 获取编码器引用
-        let enc = match self.enc.as_mut() {
-            Some(e) => e,
-            None => {
-                // Recover the Box to prevent memory leak of the descriptor
-                // 编码器未初始化时回收描述符以防止内存泄漏
-                unsafe {
-                    let desc_ptr = (*raw_frame.as_ptr()).data[0] as *mut ffi::AVDRMFrameDescriptor;
-                    if !desc_ptr.is_null() {
-                        let _ = Box::from_raw(desc_ptr);
-                    }
-                }
-                bail!("encoder not initialized");
-            }
-        };
-
-        // 5. Allocate VAAPI hardware target frame
-        // 分配 VAAPI 硬件帧缓冲区
-        let mut hw_frame = ff::frame::Video::empty();
-        let ret = unsafe {
-            ffi::av_hwframe_get_buffer(enc.frames_rgb().as_ptr(), hw_frame.as_mut_ptr(), 0)
-        };
-        if ret < 0 {
-            // Recover the Box to prevent memory leak of the descriptor
-            // 分配失败时回收描述符防止内存泄漏
-            unsafe {
-                let desc_ptr = (*raw_frame.as_ptr()).data[0] as *mut ffi::AVDRMFrameDescriptor;
-                if !desc_ptr.is_null() {
-                    let _ = Box::from_raw(desc_ptr);
-                }
-            }
-            bail!("av_hwframe_get_buffer failed: error {ret}");
-        }
-
-        // 6. Import DMA-BUF into VAAPI via transfer_data
-        // 通过 DMA-BUF 导入将帧数据从 DRM 传输到 VAAPI 硬件表面
-        let ret = unsafe {
-            ffi::av_hwframe_transfer_data(hw_frame.as_mut_ptr(), raw_frame.as_ptr(), 0)
-        };
-        if ret < 0 {
-            // 传输失败时回收描述符防止内存泄漏
-            unsafe {
-                let desc_ptr = (*raw_frame.as_ptr()).data[0] as *mut ffi::AVDRMFrameDescriptor;
-                if !desc_ptr.is_null() {
-                    let _ = Box::from_raw(desc_ptr);
-                }
-            }
-            if ret == -(ffi::EINVAL as i32) {
         bail!(
-                    "VAAPI does not support DMA-BUF modifier 0x{:X}",
+            "No DRM render device can import the DMA-BUF frame. Tried: {}",
-                    frame.modifier
+            failures
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(p, e)| format!("{} ({e})", p.display()))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ")
         );
     }
-            bail!("av_hwframe_transfer_data failed: error {ret}");
-        }
 
-        // 7. Set PTS — convert PipeWire nanoseconds to encoder frame-number units
+    /// 处理单帧 DMA-BUF 数据
-        //    PipeWire PTS is CLOCK_MONOTONIC in nanoseconds.
+    ///
-        //    Encoder time_base = 1/fps, so PTS must be in frame numbers.
+    /// 通过 `av_hwframe_map` 零拷贝导入 VAAPI，然后交给 SwEncState 完成：
-        //    Use elapsed time since first frame to avoid i64 overflow on absolute timestamps.
+    /// scale_vaapi GPU 缩放、2K NV12 回读、YUV420P 格式转换、软件 H.264 编码。
-        //
+    fn handle_pw_frame(&mut self, frame: PwDmaBufFrame) -> Result<()> {
-        // PTS 计算：将 PipeWire 的纳秒时间戳转换为编码器的帧号单位
+        let enc = match self.enc.as_mut() {
-        // PipeWire 使用 CLOCK_MONOTONIC 纳秒时间戳，编码器 time_base = 1/fps
+            Some(enc) => enc,
-        // 使用相对时间避免绝对时间戳导致的 i64 溢出
+            None => bail!("encoder not initialized"),
-        let fps_i64 = self.args.fps as i64;
+        };
-        let base_ns = *self.first_pts_ns.get_or_insert(frame.pts.max(0));
+
-        let elapsed_ns = (frame.pts.max(0) - base_ns).max(0);
+        let mut vaapi_frame = unsafe {
-        let pts = elapsed_ns * fps_i64 / 1_000_000_000;
+            avhw::import_dma_buf_to_vaapi(
+                enc.frames_rgb().as_ptr(),
+                frame.fd.as_raw_fd(),
+                frame.width,
+                frame.height,
+                frame.format,
+                frame.modifier,
+                frame.stride,
+                frame.offset,
+            )
+        }?;
+
+        let pts = self.frames_encoded as i64;
         unsafe {
-            (*hw_frame.as_mut_ptr()).pts = pts;
+            (*vaapi_frame.as_mut_ptr()).pts = pts;
         }
 
-        // 8. Recover the Boxed descriptor from raw_frame *before* encoding.
+        enc.encode_frame(&vaapi_frame)?;
-        //    av_hwframe_transfer_data has already imported the DMA-BUF into the
+        self.frames_encoded += 1;
-        //    VAAPI surface, so FFmpeg no longer references the descriptor struct.
+
-        //    Doing this before encode_frame ensures the descriptor is reclaimed
+        if let Some(last) = self.last_stats_time {
-        //    even if encode_frame returns early via `?`.
+            if last.elapsed() >= Duration::from_secs(10) {
-        //
+                let delta_frames = self.frames_encoded - self.last_stats_frames;
-        // 在编码前回收描述符内存。
+                let delta_secs = last.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
-        // 此时 DMA-BUF 数据已导入 VAAPI 表面，FFmpeg 不再引用描述符结构体。
+                let fps = delta_frames as f64 / delta_secs;
-        // 在 encode_frame 之前回收确保即使编码返回错误也能正确释放内存。
+                tracing::info!(
-        unsafe {
+                    "encoded={}, fps={fps:.1}",
-            let desc_ptr = (*raw_frame.as_ptr()).data[0] as *mut ffi::AVDRMFrameDescriptor;
+                    self.frames_encoded,
-            if !desc_ptr.is_null() {
+                );
-                let _ = Box::from_raw(desc_ptr);
+                self.last_stats_time = Some(Instant::now());
+                self.last_stats_frames = self.frames_encoded;
             }
         }
 
-        // 9. Encode — safe to early-return via `?` now that descriptor is recovered.
-        // 编码帧数据（此时描述符已回收，可安全通过 `?` 提前返回）
-        enc.encode_frame(&hw_frame)?;
- 
-        // raw_frame and hw_frame drop here via Video::drop → av_frame_free
-        // raw_frame 和 hw_frame 在此处通过 Video::drop → av_frame_free 释放
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// 刷新编码器缓冲区，输出所有剩余帧
-    pub fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        if let Some(enc) = &mut self.enc {
-            enc.flush()?;
-        }
         Ok(())
     }
 
     /// 关闭状态：刷新编码器并清理资源
+    ///
+    /// 使用 `enc.take()` 确保编码器只被 flush 一次，即使多次调用也安全（幂等）。
     pub fn shutdown(&mut self) {
-        if let Err(e) = self.flush() {
+        if let Some(mut enc) = self.enc.take() {
+            if let Err(e) = enc.flush() {
                 tracing::error!("Flush error during shutdown: {e}");
             }
+        }
+        if let Some(start) = self.start_time {
+            if self.frames_encoded > 0 {
+                let elapsed = start.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
+                let fps = self.frames_encoded as f64 / elapsed;
+                tracing::info!(
+                    "Total: {} frames in {:.1}s, avg {:.1}fps",
+                    self.frames_encoded,
+                    elapsed,
+                    fps,
+                );
+            }
+        }
         tracing::info!("StatePortal shutdown complete");
     }
 
@@ -285,53 +309,80 @@ impl StatePortal {
     pub fn is_errored(&self) -> bool {
         self.errored
     }
+
+    fn poll_webrtc(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        let Some(ref mut wrtc) = self.webrtc else { return Ok(()); };
+
+        wrtc.handle_signaling()?;
+        wrtc.poll_and_feed()?;
+
+        if let Some(ref rx) = self.webrtc_rx {
+            let mut count = 0u32;
+            while let Ok(data) = rx.try_recv() {
+                count += 1;
+                if let Err(e) = wrtc.write_h264_frame(&data, self.webrtc_frames_sent, self.args.fps) {
+                    tracing::debug!("WebRTC write frame error: {e}");
+                }
+                self.webrtc_frames_sent = self.webrtc_frames_sent.saturating_add(1);
+            }
+            if count > 0 {
+                tracing::info!("WebRTC forwarded {count} frames from channel");
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
-/// 根据 DMA-BUF 帧信息构建 FFmpeg DRM 帧描述符
+impl Drop for StatePortal {
-///
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
-/// 将 PipeWire 提供的 DMA-BUF 参数（fd、偏移量、步长、修饰符等）
+        self.shutdown();
-/// 转换为 FFmpeg 的 AVDRMFrameDescriptor 结构体，用于零拷贝硬件导入。
+    }
-fn build_drm_descriptor(frame: &PwDmaBufFrame) -> ffi::AVDRMFrameDescriptor {
+}
-    let mut desc: ffi::AVDRMFrameDescriptor = unsafe { mem::zeroed() };
 
-    // DMA-BUF 对象层：一个 fd 对应一个内存对象
+fn portal_encode_dimensions(width: u32, height: u32) -> (u32, u32) {
+    const TARGET_W: u32 = 2560;
+    const TARGET_H: u32 = 1440;
+
+    if width <= TARGET_W && height <= TARGET_H {
+        return (width & !1, height & !1);
+    }
+
+    let width_limited_h = ((height as u64) * (TARGET_W as u64) / (width as u64)) as u32;
+    if width_limited_h <= TARGET_H {
+        (TARGET_W & !1, width_limited_h & !1)
+    } else {
+        let height_limited_w = ((width as u64) * (TARGET_H as u64) / (height as u64)) as u32;
+        (height_limited_w & !1, TARGET_H & !1)
+    }
+}
+
+/// 解析 DRM 渲染设备路径
+///
+/// 仅使用命令行指定的设备路径；未指定则在首帧到达时自动检测。
+fn resolve_drm_device(args: &Args) -> Result<Option<PathBuf>> {
+    if let Some(ref drm) = args.drm_device {
+        return Ok(Some(PathBuf::from(drm)));
+    }
+    Ok(None)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+fn build_drm_descriptor(frame: &PwDmaBufFrame) -> ffmpeg_next::ffi::AVDRMFrameDescriptor {
+    let mut desc: ffmpeg_next::ffi::AVDRMFrameDescriptor = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
     desc.nb_objects = 1;
     desc.objects[0].fd = frame.fd.as_raw_fd();
-    desc.objects[0].size = 0; // 大小为 0 表示整个 fd
+    desc.objects[0].size = 0;
     desc.objects[0].format_modifier = frame.modifier;
-
-    // 像素格式层：单层单平面布局（如 XR24 格式）
     desc.nb_layers = 1;
     desc.layers[0].format = frame.format;
     desc.layers[0].nb_planes = 1;
     desc.layers[0].planes[0].object_index = 0;
     desc.layers[0].planes[0].offset = frame.offset as isize;
     desc.layers[0].planes[0].pitch = frame.stride as isize;
-
     desc
 }
 
-use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
-
-/// 解析 DRM 渲染设备路径
-///
-/// 优先使用命令行指定的设备路径，否则依次尝试
-/// `/dev/dri/renderD128` 和 `/dev/dri/renderD129`。
-fn resolve_drm_device(args: &Args) -> Result<PathBuf> {
-    if let Some(ref drm) = args.drm_device {
-        return Ok(PathBuf::from(drm));
-    }
-
-    for render in &["/dev/dri/renderD128", "/dev/dri/renderD129"] {
-        let path = PathBuf::from(render);
-        if path.exists() {
-            return Ok(path);
-        }
-    }
-
-    bail!("No DRM render device found. Specify --drm-device.")
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -385,8 +436,50 @@ mod tests {
             backend: None,
             port: 0,
         };
-        let result = resolve_drm_device(&args);
+        let result = resolve_drm_device(&args).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
+        assert_eq!(
-        assert_eq!(result.unwrap(), std::path::PathBuf::from("/dev/dri/renderD128"));
+            result,
+            Some(std::path::PathBuf::from("/dev/dri/renderD128"))
+        );
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_drm_device_none_when_not_specified() {
+        let args = Args {
+            output: "test.mp4".to_string(),
+            output_name: None,
+            fps: 30,
+            codec: "h264".to_string(),
+            hw_accel: "vaapi".to_string(),
+            drm_device: None,
+            bitrate: None,
+            gop_size: None,
+            verbose: false,
+            backend: None,
+            port: 0,
+        };
+        let result = resolve_drm_device(&args).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_drm_descriptor_custom_offset_and_stride() {
+        let frame = PwDmaBufFrame {
+            fd: unsafe { OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(libc::dup(2)) },
+            offset: 4096,
+            stride: 3840 * 4,
+            modifier: 0x0100000000000001, // AMD modifiers
+            width: 3840,
+            height: 2160,
+            format: 0x34325258,
+            pts: 0,
+        };
+        let desc = build_drm_descriptor(&frame);
+
+        assert_eq!(desc.nb_objects, 1);
+        assert_eq!(desc.objects[0].format_modifier, 0x0100000000000001);
+        assert_eq!(desc.layers[0].planes[0].offset, 4096);
+        assert_eq!(desc.layers[0].planes[0].pitch, 3840 * 4);
+    }
+
 }

src/webrtc.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+// WebRTC 传输模块 — 使用 str0m (Sans-IO) 将 H.264 编码帧推送到浏览器
+use std::io::{Read, Write};
+use std::net::{SocketAddr, TcpListener, UdpSocket};
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use str0m::change::SdpOffer;
+use str0m::format::Codec;
+use str0m::media::{Frequency, MediaKind, MediaTime, Mid, Pt};
+use str0m::net::{Protocol, Receive};
+use str0m::{Candidate, Event, IceConnectionState, Input, Output, Rtc, RtcConfig};
+
+// ── 嵌入式 HTML 测试页面 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+const HTML_PAGE: &str = r#"<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head><title>wl-webrtc P0</title>
+<style>body{background:#000;color:#fff;font-family:monospace;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center;height:100vh;margin:0}
+video{max-width:90vw;max-height:80vh;border:1px solid #333}
+#status{margin:12px;font-size:14px;color:#aaa}
+#debug{position:fixed;bottom:8px;left:8px;font-size:11px;color:#666;max-width:90vw;white-space:pre-wrap}
+</style></head>
+<body>
+<div id="status">Connecting...</div>
+<video id="video" autoplay playsinline muted></video>
+<pre id="debug"></pre>
+<script>
+const status = document.getElementById('status');
+const video  = document.getElementById('video');
+const debug  = document.getElementById('debug');
+let pc       = null;
+
+const log = msg => { debug.textContent += msg + '\n'; console.log(msg); };
+
+function preferH264(sdp) {
+  const lines = sdp.split('\r\n');
+  const h264Pts = lines
+    .filter(line => line.startsWith('a=rtpmap:') && line.toUpperCase().includes('H264/90000'))
+    .map(line => line.match(/^a=rtpmap:(\d+)/)?.[1])
+    .filter(Boolean);
+  if (h264Pts.length === 0) return sdp;
+  return lines.map(line => {
+    if (!line.startsWith('m=video ')) return line;
+    const parts = line.split(' ');
+    const header = parts.slice(0, 3);
+    const pts = parts.slice(3);
+    const preferred = h264Pts.filter(pt => pts.includes(pt));
+    const rest = pts.filter(pt => !preferred.includes(pt));
+    return [...header, ...preferred, ...rest].join(' ');
+  }).join('\r\n');
+}
+
+function installStatsLogger(peer) {
+  setInterval(() => {
+    if (peer !== pc) return;
+    const v = video;
+    log(`video: readyState=${v.readyState} currentTime=${v.currentTime.toFixed(2)} ` +
+        `paused=${v.paused} width=${v.videoWidth} height=${v.videoHeight} ` +
+        `srcObject=${v.srcObject ? 'yes' : 'no'}`);
+    peer.getStats().then(stats => {
+      stats.forEach(report => {
+        if (report.type === 'inbound-rtp' && report.kind === 'video') {
+          log(`RTP-in: packetsReceived=${report.packetsReceived} packetsLost=${report.packetsLost} ` +
+              `bytesReceived=${report.bytesReceived} framesDecoded=${report.framesDecoded} ` +
+              `framesDropped=${report.framesDropped} codecId=${report.codecId}`);
+        }
+        if (report.type === 'codec' && report.mimeType && report.mimeType.includes('H264')) {
+          log(`Codec: ${report.mimeType} ${report.payloadType} sdpFmtpLine=${report.sdpFmtpLine}`);
+        }
+      });
+    }).catch(() => {});
+  }, 2000);
+}
+
+function connect() {
+  if (pc) pc.close();
+  pc = new RTCPeerConnection();
+  const peer = pc;
+
+  peer.ontrack = e => {
+    log('ontrack: streams=' + e.streams.length + ' kind=' + e.track.kind);
+    video.srcObject = e.streams[0];
+    status.textContent = 'Track received';
+  };
+  peer.oniceconnectionstatechange = () => {
+    log('ICE: ' + peer.iceConnectionState);
+    status.textContent = 'ICE: ' + peer.iceConnectionState;
+  };
+
+  peer.addTransceiver('video', { direction: 'recvonly' });
+  installStatsLogger(peer);
+
+  peer.createOffer().then(offer => {
+      offer.sdp = preferH264(offer.sdp);
+      return peer.setLocalDescription(offer);
+    })
+    .then(() => new Promise(resolve => {
+      if (peer.iceGatheringState === 'complete') resolve();
+      else peer.onicegatheringstatechange = () => { if (peer.iceGatheringState === 'complete') resolve(); };
+    }))
+    .then(() => fetch('/sdp', { method: 'POST', body: JSON.stringify(peer.localDescription) }))
+    .then(r => { if (!r.ok) throw new Error('SDP exchange failed: ' + r.status); return r.json(); })
+    .then(answer => { if (answer.error) throw new Error(answer.error); return peer.setRemoteDescription(answer); })
+    .then(() => log('SDP answer set'))
+    .catch(e => {
+      status.textContent = 'Error: ' + e.message;
+      log('ERROR: ' + e.message + ' — retrying in 2s...');
+      console.error(e);
+      setTimeout(connect, 2000);
+    });
+}
+
+connect();
+</script>
+</body></html>"#;
+
+// ── WebRTC 状态 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+pub struct WebRtcState {
+    signal_listener: TcpListener,
+    inner: Option<WebRtcInner>,
+    fps: u32,
+}
+
+struct WebRtcInner {
+    rtc: Rtc,
+    socket: UdpSocket,
+    udp_addr: SocketAddr,
+    video_mid: Option<Mid>,
+    video_pt: Option<Pt>,
+    connected: bool,
+    need_keyframe: bool,
+    rtp_clock: u32,
+    buf: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl WebRtcState {
+    pub fn new(port: u16, fps: u32) -> Result<Self> {
+        let signal_listener = TcpListener::bind(format!("0.0.0.0:{port}"))?;
+        signal_listener.set_nonblocking(true)?;
+        tracing::info!("WebRTC signaling on http://0.0.0.0:{port}/");
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            signal_listener,
+            inner: None,
+            fps,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn handle_signaling(&mut self) -> Result<bool> {
+        let mut handled = false;
+        loop {
+            let (mut stream, _addr) = match self.signal_listener.accept() {
+                Ok(s) => s,
+                Err(ref e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => break,
+                Err(e) => bail!("TCP accept error: {e}"),
+            };
+            handled = true;
+            stream.set_nonblocking(true)?;
+
+            let mut req = vec![0u8; 65536];
+            let n = match stream.read(&mut req) {
+                Ok(n) => n,
+                Err(ref e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => continue,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    tracing::warn!("TCP read error: {e}");
+                    continue;
+                }
+            };
+            let req_str = String::from_utf8_lossy(&req[..n]);
+
+            if req_str.starts_with("GET / ")
+                || req_str.starts_with("GET /sdp ")
+                    && !req_str.contains("Content-Type: application/json")
+            {
+                let resp = format!(
+                    "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: text/html\r\nContent-Length: {}\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n{}",
+                    HTML_PAGE.len(),
+                    HTML_PAGE
+                );
+                let _ = stream.write_all(resp.as_bytes());
+            } else if req_str.starts_with("POST /sdp") {
+                let body = extract_body(&req_str);
+                if body.is_empty() {
+                    let resp = "HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\nempty body";
+                    let _ = stream.write_all(resp.as_bytes());
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                match WebRtcInner::new(self.fps)
+                    .and_then(|mut new_inner| {
+                        let answer_json = new_inner.handle_sdp_offer(body.as_bytes())?;
+                        Ok((new_inner, answer_json))
+                    }) {
+                    Ok((new_inner, answer_json)) => {
+                        let replacing = self.inner.is_some();
+                        self.inner = Some(new_inner);
+                        if replacing {
+                            tracing::info!("Replaced WebRTC connection (old dropped)");
+                        } else {
+                            tracing::info!("New WebRTC connection");
+                        }
+
+                        let resp = format!(
+                            "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: application/json\r\nContent-Length: {}\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n{}",
+                            answer_json.len(),
+                            answer_json
+                        );
+                        let _ = stream.write_all(resp.as_bytes());
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        tracing::error!("SDP offer handling failed: {e}");
+                        let resp = format!("HTTP/1.1 500 Error\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n{e}");
+                        let _ = stream.write_all(resp.as_bytes());
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                let resp = "HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n";
+                let _ = stream.write_all(resp.as_bytes());
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(handled)
+    }
+
+    pub fn poll_rtc(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        if let Some(inner) = self.inner.as_mut() {
+            if inner.poll_rtc()? {
+                tracing::warn!("WebRTC connection closed/failed; clearing connection state");
+                self.inner = None;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn feed_network(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        if let Some(inner) = self.inner.as_mut() {
+            inner.feed_network()?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn poll_and_feed(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.poll_rtc()?;
+        self.feed_network()?;
+        self.poll_rtc()
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_h264_frame(&mut self, data: &[u8], frame_number: u64, fps: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        if let Some(inner) = self.inner.as_mut() {
+            inner.write_h264_frame(data, frame_number, fps)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_connected(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.as_ref().is_some_and(WebRtcInner::is_connected)
+    }
+}
+
+impl WebRtcInner {
+    fn new(fps: u32) -> Result<Self> {
+        let _ = fps;
+        let mut rtc = RtcConfig::new().build(Instant::now());
+
+        let socket = UdpSocket::bind("0.0.0.0:0")?;
+        socket.set_nonblocking(true)?;
+        let local_addr = socket.local_addr()?;
+
+        let lan_ip = local_ip().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            tracing::warn!("Failed to detect LAN IP, falling back to 127.0.0.1");
+            "127.0.0.1".to_string()
+        });
+        let candidate_addr: SocketAddr = format!("{lan_ip}:{}", local_addr.port()).parse()?;
+        let candidate = Candidate::host(candidate_addr, "udp")
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("candidate: {e}"))?;
+        rtc.add_local_candidate(candidate);
+        tracing::info!("WebRTC UDP: {candidate_addr} (bound 0.0.0.0)");
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            rtc,
+            socket,
+            udp_addr: candidate_addr,
+            video_mid: None,
+            video_pt: None,
+            connected: false,
+            need_keyframe: false,
+            rtp_clock: 0,
+            buf: vec![0u8; 65535],
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn handle_sdp_offer(&mut self, body: &[u8]) -> Result<String> {
+        let offer: SdpOffer = serde_json::from_slice(body)
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("parse SDP offer: {e}"))?;
+
+        let answer = self
+            .rtc
+            .sdp_api()
+            .accept_offer(offer)
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("accept_offer: {e}"))?;
+
+        self.need_keyframe = true;
+        tracing::info!("SDP exchange complete, waiting for ICE/DTLS...");
+
+        self.discover_video_params();
+
+        let answer_json =
+            serde_json::to_vec(&answer).map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("serialize answer: {e}"))?;
+
+        String::from_utf8(answer_json).map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("answer utf8: {e}"))
+    }
+
+    fn discover_video_params(&mut self) {
+        for s in ["0", "1", "2", "3"] {
+            let mid: Mid = s.into();
+            if let Some(media) = self.rtc.media(mid) {
+                if media.kind() == MediaKind::Video {
+                    tracing::info!("Found video media: mid={mid}");
+                    self.video_mid = Some(mid);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(mid) = self.video_mid {
+            if let Some(writer) = self.rtc.writer(mid) {
+                for pp in writer.payload_params() {
+                    tracing::debug!("Codec: pt={:?} spec={:?}", pp.pt(), pp.spec());
+                    if pp.spec().codec.is_video() && pp.spec().codec == Codec::H264 {
+                        self.video_pt = Some(pp.pt());
+                        tracing::info!("H.264 payload type: {:?}", pp.pt());
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn poll_rtc(&mut self) -> Result<bool> {
+        loop {
+            match self.rtc.poll_output() {
+                Ok(Output::Transmit(t)) => {
+                    tracing::info!("TX {} bytes -> {}", t.contents.len(), t.destination);
+                    if let Err(e) = self.socket.send_to(&t.contents, t.destination) {
+                        tracing::warn!("UDP send error: {e}");
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(Output::Event(e)) => {
+                    tracing::info!("RTC event: {e:?}");
+                    match &e {
+                        Event::Connected => {
+                            tracing::info!("WebRTC connected!");
+                            self.connected = true;
+                            self.need_keyframe = true;
+                            self.discover_video_params();
+                        }
+                        Event::IceConnectionStateChange(IceConnectionState::Disconnected) => {
+                            tracing::warn!("WebRTC disconnected");
+                            self.connected = false;
+                        }
+                        Event::MediaAdded(ma) => {
+                            tracing::info!("Media added: mid={:?}", ma.mid);
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            tracing::debug!("WebRTC event: {:?}", e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(Output::Timeout(_t)) => break,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    tracing::error!("rtc.poll_output error: {e}");
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(false)
+    }
+
+    fn feed_network(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut recv_count = 0u32;
+        loop {
+            match self.socket.recv_from(&mut self.buf) {
+                Ok((n, source)) => {
+                    recv_count += 1;
+                    if recv_count <= 5 {
+                        tracing::info!("UDP recv {} bytes from {}", n, source);
+                    }
+                    let input = Input::Receive(
+                        Instant::now(),
+                        Receive {
+                            proto: Protocol::Udp,
+                            source,
+                            destination: self.udp_addr,
+                            contents: self.buf[..n]
+                                .try_into()
+                                .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("receive contents: {e}"))?,
+                        },
+                    );
+                    self.rtc
+                        .handle_input(input)
+                        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("handle_input({n} bytes from {source}): {e}"))?;
+                }
+                Err(ref e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => break,
+                Err(ref e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => continue,
+                Err(e) => bail!("UDP recv error: {e}"),
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.rtc
+            .handle_input(Input::Timeout(Instant::now()))
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("handle timeout: {e}"))?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn write_h264_frame(&mut self, data: &[u8], frame_number: u64, fps: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        if !self.connected {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let mid = match self.video_mid {
+            Some(m) => m,
+            None => {
+                tracing::warn!("write_h264: no video_mid");
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        };
+        let pt = match self.video_pt {
+            Some(p) => p,
+            None => {
+                tracing::warn!("write_h264: no video_pt");
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        };
+
+        if self.need_keyframe {
+            if !is_idr_nalu(data) {
+                tracing::debug!(
+                    "write_h264: skipping non-IDR frame ({} bytes), waiting for keyframe",
+                    data.len()
+                );
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            tracing::info!(
+                "write_h264: got IDR keyframe ({} bytes), starting playback",
+                data.len()
+            );
+            self.need_keyframe = false;
+        }
+
+        let ticks_per_second = 90_000u64;
+        let fps = fps.max(1) as u64;
+        let rtp_timestamp = frame_number.saturating_mul(ticks_per_second) / fps;
+        self.rtp_clock = rtp_timestamp as u32;
+        let rtp_time = MediaTime::new(rtp_timestamp, Frequency::NINETY_KHZ);
+
+        let writer = match self.rtc.writer(mid) {
+            Some(w) => w,
+            None => {
+                tracing::warn!("write_h264: no writer for mid={mid}");
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        };
+
+        tracing::debug!(
+            "write_h264: {} bytes, pt={:?}, rtp={}",
+            data.len(),
+            pt,
+            self.rtp_clock
+        );
+        writer
+            .write(pt, Instant::now(), rtp_time, data)
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("writer.write: {e}"))?;
+
+        self.poll_rtc()?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn is_connected(&self) -> bool {
+        self.connected
+    }
+}
+
+// ── 工具函数 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// 从 HTTP 请求中提取 body（在 \r\n\r\n 之后）
+fn extract_body(req: &str) -> &str {
+    if let Some(idx) = req.find("\r\n\r\n") {
+        req.get(idx + 4..).unwrap_or("")
+    } else {
+        ""
+    }
+}
+
+fn local_ip() -> Option<String> {
+    std::net::UdpSocket::bind("0.0.0.0:0")
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|s| {
+            s.connect("1.1.1.1:80").ok()?;
+            let addr = s.local_addr().ok()?;
+            drop(s);
+            let ip = addr.ip().to_string();
+            if ip == "0.0.0.0" || ip.starts_with("127.") {
+                return None;
+            }
+            Some(ip)
+        })
+}
+
+fn is_idr_nalu(data: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i + 4 < data.len() {
+        if data[i..i + 4] == [0, 0, 0, 1] {
+            let nal_type = data[i + 4] & 0x1F;
+            if nal_type == 5 {
+                return true;
+            }
+            i += 5;
+        } else if i + 3 < data.len() && data[i..i + 3] == [0, 0, 1] {
+            let nal_type = data[i + 3] & 0x1F;
+            if nal_type == 5 {
+                return true;
+            }
+            i += 4;
+        } else {
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    }
+    false
+}