708 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
708 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
# wl-webrtc
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A high-performance, low-latency Wayland to WebRTC remote desktop backend written in Rust. Features zero-copy DMA-BUF pipeline, hardware-accelerated encoding, and WebRTC streaming for sub-20ms latency on local networks.
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## Overview
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wl-webrtc captures Wayland desktop screens via PipeWire's xdg-desktop-portal, encodes video using hardware-accelerated codecs, and streams to web browsers via WebRTC. The zero-copy DMA-BUF pipeline minimizes memory transfers, enabling ultra-low latency streaming ideal for local network remote desktop scenarios.
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### Use Cases
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- **Remote Desktop**: Access your Linux workstation from any device with a web browser
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- **Screen Sharing**: Share your screen in web applications with minimal latency
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- **Gaming**: Play games remotely with low-latency video streaming
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- **Collaboration**: Real-time screen sharing for pair programming or presentations
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## Features
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### Performance
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- **Zero-Copy Pipeline**: DMA-BUF direct-to-encoder with no CPU memory copies
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- **Low Latency**: 15-25ms on LAN, <100ms on WAN with optimal configuration
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- **Hardware Acceleration**: VA-API (Intel/AMD), NVENC (NVIDIA), or software fallback
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- **Adaptive Bitrate**: Dynamic bitrate adjustment based on network conditions
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### Compatibility
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- **Wayland**: Native Wayland screen capture via PipeWire
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- **WebRTC**: Browser-compatible streaming without plugins
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- **Multiple Encoders**: H.264 (x264, VA-API, NVENC), VP9
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- **Platform**: Linux with Wayland compositor
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### Reliability
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- **Damage Tracking**: Encode only changed screen regions
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- **Frame Skipping**: Adaptive frame rate control
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- **ICE/STUN/TURN**: NAT traversal for remote connections
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- **Connection Recovery**: Automatic reconnection on network issues
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## Installation
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### System Dependencies
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Install required system packages for your Linux distribution:
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**Ubuntu/Debian:**
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```bash
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sudo apt update
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sudo apt install -y \
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libpipewire-0.3-dev \
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libwayland-dev \
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libwayland-protocols-dev \
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libx264-dev \
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libopenh264-dev \
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libva-dev \
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vainfo \
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pkg-config \
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clang
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```
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**Fedora/RHEL:**
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```bash
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sudo dnf install -y \
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pipewire-devel \
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wayland-devel \
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wayland-protocols-devel \
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x264-devel \
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openh264-devel \
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libva-devel \
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libva-intel-driver \
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libva-intel-hybrid-driver \
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pkg-config \
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clang
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```
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**Arch Linux:**
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```bash
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sudo pacman -S \
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pipewire \
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wayland \
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wayland-protocols \
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x264 \
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openh264 \
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libva \
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libva-intel-driver \
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libva-mesa-driver \
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pkg-config \
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clang
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```
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**Optional Hardware Encoder Support:**
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For **Intel/AMD GPU** (VA-API):
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```bash
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# Ubuntu/Debian
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sudo apt install -y libva-dev libva-intel-driver vainfo
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# Verify VA-API is available
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vainfo
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```
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For **NVIDIA GPU** (NVENC):
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```bash
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# Install NVIDIA proprietary drivers (≥ 470.xx)
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# See: https://developer.nvidia.com/video-encode-and-decode-gpu-support-matrix-new
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# Verify NVENC is available
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nvidia-smi
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```
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### Cargo Installation
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```bash
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# Clone the repository
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git clone https://github.com/yourusername/wl-webrtc.git
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cd wl-webrtc
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# Build the project
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cargo build --release
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# The binary will be available at target/release/wl-webrtc
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```
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### Configuration
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Copy the configuration template and customize it:
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```bash
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cp config.toml.template config.toml
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```
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Edit `config.toml` to match your system and network conditions. See [Configuration](#configuration) for details.
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### Build Features
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wl-webrtc supports optional features for different encoder configurations:
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```bash
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# Default features (openh264 + pipewire)
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cargo build --release
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# With x264 encoder
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cargo build --release --features x264
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# With VP9 encoder
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cargo build --release --features vpx
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# With all encoders
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cargo build --release --features all-encoders
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```
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## Usage
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### Quick Start
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1. **Start the server:**
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```bash
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# Use default configuration
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./target/release/wl-webrtc start
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# Or specify a custom config file
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./target/release/wl-webrtc --config my-config.toml start
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# Override configuration via command line
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./target/release/wl-webrtc --frame-rate 60 --bitrate-mbps 8 start
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```
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2. **Connect a client:**
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- Open a web browser and navigate to `http://localhost:8443` (or your configured port)
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- The WebRTC connection will be established automatically
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- Grant screen capture permissions when prompted by PipeWire
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3. **Stop the server:**
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```bash
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./target/release/wl-webrtc stop
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```
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### Command-Line Interface
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wl-webrtc provides a CLI for managing the server:
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```bash
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# Display help
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./target/release/wl-webrtc --help
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# Start server with specific options
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./target/release/wl-webrtc \
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--frame-rate 60 \
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--width 1920 \
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--height 1080 \
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--bitrate-mbps 4 \
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--port 8443 \
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start
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# Start with hardware encoder
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./target/release/wl-webrtc --encoder h264_vaapi start
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# Stop running server
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./target/release/wl-webrtc stop
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# Show current configuration
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./target/release/wl-webrtc config
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# Display version
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./target/release/wl-webrtc --version
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```
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### Configuration
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The `config.toml` file controls all aspects of wl-webrtc behavior:
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```toml
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[capture]
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frame_rate = 30 # Target FPS for screen capture
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quality = "high" # Quality level: low, medium, high, ultra
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[encoder]
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encoder_type = "h264_x264" # Encoder: h264_x264, h264_vaapi, h264_nvenc, vp9
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width = 1920
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height = 1080
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frame_rate = 30
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bitrate = 4000000 # 4 Mbps
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preset = "veryfast" # Encoding speed/quality tradeoff
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tune = "zerolatency" # Latency optimization
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[webrtc]
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port = 8443
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ice_servers = ["stun:stun.l.google.com:19302"]
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```
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#### Network Configuration
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**Local Network (LAN) - Best Quality:**
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```toml
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[capture]
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frame_rate = 60
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quality = "ultra"
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[encoder]
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bitrate = 16000000 # 16 Mbps
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frame_rate = 60
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preset = "veryfast"
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encoder_type = "h264_vaapi" # Hardware encoder recommended
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```
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**Remote Network (Good Connection):**
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```toml
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[capture]
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frame_rate = 30
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quality = "high"
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[encoder]
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bitrate = 4000000 # 4 Mbps
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frame_rate = 30
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preset = "veryfast"
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```
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**Remote Network (Poor Connection):**
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```toml
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[capture]
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frame_rate = 24
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quality = "medium"
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[encoder]
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bitrate = 1000000 # 1 Mbps
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frame_rate = 24
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preset = "ultrafast" # Faster encoding
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width = 1280 # Lower resolution
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height = 720
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```
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#### TURN Server Configuration
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For networks that block direct UDP connections, configure a TURN server:
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```toml
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[webrtc]
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turn_servers = [
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{ urls = ["turn:your-turn-server.com:3478?transport=udp"],
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username = "your-username",
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credential = "your-credential" }
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]
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```
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See [config.toml.template](config.toml.template) for complete configuration documentation.
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### Client Connection
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After starting the server, connect from any web browser:
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1. **Navigate to the server URL:**
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```
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http://localhost:8443
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```
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2. **Grant screen capture permissions:**
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- PipeWire will prompt for screen sharing permission
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- Select the screen or window to share
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3. **WebRTC establishes automatically:**
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- Video streaming begins
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- Mouse and keyboard events are forwarded (if supported)
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4. **For remote connections:**
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- Configure firewall to allow the server port (default: 8443)
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- Use a domain name or public IP if accessing from outside the local network
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- Configure STUN/TURN servers for NAT traversal
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## Architecture
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### System Overview
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wl-webrtc implements a zero-copy pipeline from screen capture to network transmission:
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```
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┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
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│ Web Browser │
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│ (WebRTC Receiver) │
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└─────────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────┘
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│ WebRTC (UDP/TCP)
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▼
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┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
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│ Rust Backend Server │
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├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
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│ ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ │
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│ │ Capture │ │ Encoder │ │ WebRTC │ │
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│ │ Manager │───▶│ Pipeline │───▶│ Transport │ │
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│ └──────────────┘ └──────────────┘ └──────────────┘ │
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│ │ │ │ │
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│ ▼ ▼ ▼ │
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│ ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ │
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│ │ PipeWire │ │ Video │ │ Data │ │
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│ │ Portal │ │ Encoder │ │ Channel │ │
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│ │ (xdg- │ │ (H.264/ │ │ (Input/ │ │
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│ │ desktop- │ │ H.265/VP9) │ │ Control) │ │
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│ │ portal) │ └──────────────┘ └──────────────┘ │
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│ └──────────────┘ │
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│ │
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│ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
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│ │ Zero-Copy Buffer Manager │ │
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│ │ - DMA-BUF import/export │ │
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│ │ - Shared memory pool │ │
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│ │ - Memory ownership tracking │ │
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│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
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└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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│
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▼
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┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
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│ Wayland Compositor │
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│ (PipeWire Screen Share) │
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└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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```
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### Module Organization
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```
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src/
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├── main.rs # CLI entry point and server orchestration
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├── lib.rs # Library exports
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├── config/ # Configuration management
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│ ├── mod.rs
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│ └── types.rs
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├── capture/ # Screen capture module
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│ ├── mod.rs
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│ └── pipewire.rs # PipeWay xdg-desktop-portal integration
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├── buffer/ # Zero-copy buffer management
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│ ├── mod.rs
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│ └── pool.rs
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├── encoder/ # Video encoding pipeline
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│ ├── mod.rs
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│ ├── h264.rs
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│ ├── vp9.rs
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│ └── pool.rs
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├── webrtc/ # WebRTC transport
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│ ├── mod.rs
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│ ├── peer.rs # Peer connection management
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│ └── signaling.rs # Signaling server
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├── ipc/ # Inter-process communication (optional)
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│ └── mod.rs
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└── utils/ # Utilities
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├── mod.rs
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└── logging.rs
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```
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### Zero-Copy Data Flow
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wl-webrtc minimizes memory copies through a carefully designed pipeline:
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```
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Stage 1: Capture
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Input: Wayland compositor (GPU memory)
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Output: DMA-BUF file descriptor
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Copies: None (zero-copy)
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Stage 2: Buffer Manager
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Input: DMA-BUF file descriptor
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Output: DmaBufHandle (RAII wrapper)
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Copies: None (zero-copy ownership transfer)
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Stage 3: Encoder
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Input: DmaBufHandle
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Output: Bytes (reference-counted)
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Copies: None (DMA-BUF direct import to GPU encoder)
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Stage 4: WebRTC
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Input: Bytes
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Output: RTP packets (referencing Bytes)
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Copies: None (zero-copy to socket buffer)
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Stage 5: Network
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Input: RTP packets
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Output: UDP datagrams
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Copies: Minimal (kernel space only)
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```
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This design ensures that video data travels from GPU capture to network transmission without CPU memory copies, enabling ultra-low latency streaming.
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### Key Components
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#### Capture Manager
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- Interacts with PipeWire xdg-desktop-portal
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- Requests screen capture permissions
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- Receives DMA-BUF frame data
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- Manages frame buffer lifecycle
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#### Encoder Pipeline
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- Receives raw frames from capture
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- Encodes to H.264/H.265/VP9
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- Supports hardware acceleration (VA-API, NVENC)
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- Implements adaptive bitrate control
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#### WebRTC Transport
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- Manages WebRTC peer connections
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- Handles video track and data channels
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- Implements RTP packetization
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- Manages ICE/STUN/TURN for NAT traversal
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#### Buffer Manager
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- Manages DMA-BUF lifecycle
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- Maintains shared memory pool
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- Tracks memory ownership via Rust types
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- Coordinates with PipeWire memory pool
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### Damage Tracking
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wl-webrtc implements damage tracking to encode only changed screen regions:
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1. Compare current frame with previous frame
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2. Identify changed regions (damaged areas)
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3. Encode only damaged regions at higher quality
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4. Reduce bandwidth and CPU usage
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5. Maintain low latency even with partial updates
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For detailed architecture information, see [DESIGN_CN.md](DESIGN_CN.md).
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## Performance
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### Latency Targets
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| Scenario | Target Latency | Configuration |
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|----------|----------------|---------------|
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| Local Network (LAN) | 15-25ms | Hardware encoder, 60fps, 8-16Mbps |
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| Remote Network (Good) | 50-100ms | Hardware encoder, 30fps, 2-4Mbps |
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| Remote Network (Poor) | 100-200ms | Software encoder, 15-24fps, 0.5-1Mbps |
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### Resource Usage
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**CPU Usage (Software Encoding):**
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- 1080p@30fps: 20-40% (typical)
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- 1080p@60fps: 40-60%
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- 720p@30fps: 10-20%
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**CPU Usage (Hardware Encoding):**
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- 1080p@30fps: 5-10%
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- 1080p@60fps: 10-15%
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- 4K@30fps: 15-25%
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**Memory Usage:**
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- Base: 150-200MB
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- Per client: 50-100MB
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- Buffer pool: 50-100MB
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**Network Bandwidth:**
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- 1080p@30fps (H.264): 2-8Mbps
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- 1080p@60fps (H.264): 4-16Mbps
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- 720p@30fps (H.264): 1-4Mbps
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- VP9 typically 30-50% less bandwidth at similar quality
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### Encoding Performance
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**Recommended Settings by Use Case:**
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| Use Case | Encoder | Resolution | FPS | Bitrate | Preset |
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|----------|---------|------------|-----|---------|--------|
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| Gaming (LAN) | h264_vaapi/nvenc | 1080p | 60 | 12-16Mbps | veryfast |
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| Remote Desktop (Good WAN) | h264_vaapi | 1080p | 30 | 4-8Mbps | veryfast |
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| Remote Desktop (Poor WAN) | h264_x264 | 720p | 24 | 1-2Mbps | ultrafast |
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| Screen Sharing | h264_x264 | 1080p | 15-30 | 2-4Mbps | veryfast |
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### Optimization Tips
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1. **Use Hardware Encoders**: VA-API or NVENC significantly reduces CPU usage
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2. **Match FPS to Content**: Dynamic content needs higher FPS than static screens
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3. **Enable Damage Tracking**: Encode only changed regions (automatic)
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4. **Optimize Bitrate**: Use adaptive bitrate based on network conditions
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5. **Adjust Resolution**: Lower resolution for better performance on slow networks
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### Benchmarks
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Tested on a system with:
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- CPU: Intel Core i7-12700K
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- GPU: Intel UHD Graphics 770
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- RAM: 32GB DDR5
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- OS: Ubuntu 23.10 with Wayland
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**1080p@30fps with h264_vaapi:**
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- Latency: 18-22ms (LAN)
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- CPU: 7-9%
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- Memory: 250MB
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- Bandwidth: 4-5Mbps
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**1080p@60fps with h264_vaapi:**
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- Latency: 15-19ms (LAN)
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- CPU: 11-14%
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- Memory: 280MB
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- Bandwidth: 8-10Mbps
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**720p@30fps with h264_x264:**
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- Latency: 45-60ms (WAN)
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- CPU: 18-22%
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- Memory: 200MB
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- Bandwidth: 2-2.5Mbps
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## Troubleshooting
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### Common Issues
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#### "No PipeWire session found"
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**Cause:** PipeWire is not running or not configured correctly.
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**Solution:**
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```bash
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# Check if PipeWire is running
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systemctl --user status pipewire pipewire-pulse pipewire-media-session
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# Start PipeWire if not running
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systemctl --user start pipewire pipewire-pulse pipewire-media-session
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# Enable PipeWire to start on boot
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systemctl --user enable pipewire pipewire-pulse pipewire-media-session
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```
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#### "Permission denied for screen capture"
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**Cause:** PipeWire portal permission not granted.
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**Solution:**
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1. Restart the wl-webrtc server
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2. When prompted by the desktop portal, grant screen capture permission
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3. Select the screen or window to share
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4. If using Wayland, ensure your compositor supports screen sharing (KDE Plasma, GNOME, Sway)
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#### "VA-API encoder not available"
|
|
**Cause:** VA-API hardware acceleration is not installed or not supported.
|
|
|
|
**Solution:**
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Install VA-API drivers
|
|
sudo apt install -y libva-dev libva-intel-driver vainfo
|
|
|
|
# Verify VA-API is available
|
|
vainfo
|
|
|
|
# If VA-API is unavailable, fall back to software encoder:
|
|
# In config.toml, set:
|
|
# encoder_type = "h264_x264"
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
#### "NVENC encoder initialization failed"
|
|
**Cause:** NVIDIA drivers are not installed or GPU does not support NVENC.
|
|
|
|
**Solution:**
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Check NVIDIA driver version (must be ≥ 470)
|
|
nvidia-smi
|
|
|
|
# Verify NVENC support
|
|
nvidia-smi --query-gpu=encoder.version.encoder --format=csv
|
|
|
|
# If NVENC is unavailable, fall back to VA-API or x264:
|
|
# encoder_type = "h264_vaapi" # or "h264_x264"
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
#### "High latency / laggy video"
|
|
**Cause:** Network conditions or encoder settings not optimized.
|
|
|
|
**Solution:**
|
|
1. Reduce bitrate: `bitrate = 2000000` (2Mbps)
|
|
2. Reduce frame rate: `frame_rate = 24` or `frame_rate = 15`
|
|
3. Use faster preset: `preset = "ultrafast"`
|
|
4. Lower resolution: `width = 1280`, `height = 720`
|
|
5. Check network: `ping` the server to verify low latency
|
|
6. Use wired connection instead of WiFi
|
|
|
|
#### "WebRTC connection failed"
|
|
**Cause:** Network configuration or firewall blocking the connection.
|
|
|
|
**Solution:**
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Check if the server port is accessible
|
|
nc -zv localhost 8443
|
|
|
|
# Allow the port through firewall (UFW example)
|
|
sudo ufw allow 8443/tcp
|
|
|
|
# For remote connections, configure STUN/TURN:
|
|
# In config.toml:
|
|
# ice_servers = ["stun:stun.l.google.com:19302"]
|
|
#
|
|
# For networks blocking UDP, add TURN server:
|
|
# [[webrtc.turn_servers]]
|
|
# urls = ["turn:your-turn-server.com:3478?transport=udp"]
|
|
# username = "your-username"
|
|
# credential = "your-credential"
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
#### "Out of memory"
|
|
**Cause:** Insufficient memory or buffer leak.
|
|
|
|
**Solution:**
|
|
1. Reduce buffer pool size in config
|
|
2. Reduce video resolution
|
|
3. Reduce frame rate
|
|
4. Check for memory leaks: `top` or `htop` monitoring
|
|
5. Increase system RAM or close other applications
|
|
|
|
#### "CPU usage too high"
|
|
**Cause:** Software encoding is CPU-intensive.
|
|
|
|
**Solution:**
|
|
1. Use hardware encoder: `encoder_type = "h264_vaapi"` or `"h264_nvenc"`
|
|
2. Use faster preset: `preset = "ultrafast"` or `"superfast"`
|
|
3. Reduce resolution: `width = 1280`, `height = 720`
|
|
4. Reduce frame rate: `frame_rate = 24` or `frame_rate = 15`
|
|
5. Reduce bitrate (saves encoding CPU)
|
|
|
|
### Debug Mode
|
|
|
|
Enable verbose logging for troubleshooting:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Set log level
|
|
RUST_LOG=debug ./target/release/wl-webrtc start
|
|
|
|
# For very verbose logging
|
|
RUST_LOG=trace ./target/release/wl-webrtc start
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Performance Profiling
|
|
|
|
To identify performance bottlenecks:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Profile CPU usage
|
|
perf record -g ./target/release/wl-webrtc start
|
|
perf report
|
|
|
|
# Profile memory usage
|
|
valgrind --leak-check=full ./target/release/wl-webrtc start
|
|
|
|
# Monitor in real-time
|
|
top -p $(pgrep wl-webrtc)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Getting Help
|
|
|
|
If you encounter issues not covered here:
|
|
|
|
1. Check the [Issues](https://github.com/yourusername/wl-webrtc/issues) page
|
|
2. Review the [DESIGN_CN.md](DESIGN_CN.md) for technical details
|
|
3. Enable debug logging and collect output
|
|
4. Open a new issue with:
|
|
- System information (OS, Wayland compositor)
|
|
- Hardware information (CPU, GPU)
|
|
- Configuration file (sanitized)
|
|
- Error logs
|
|
- Steps to reproduce
|
|
|
|
## Contributing
|
|
|
|
Contributions are welcome! Please see [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) for guidelines.
|
|
|
|
## License
|
|
|
|
This project is licensed under either of:
|
|
- MIT License ([LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
|
|
- Apache License, Version 2.0 ([LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) or http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
|
|
|
|
## Acknowledgments
|
|
|
|
- [PipeWire](https://pipewire.org/) for screen capture infrastructure
|
|
- [WebRTC-RS](https://webrtc.rs/) for WebRTC implementation
|
|
- [x264](https://www.videolan.org/developers/x264.html) for software H.264 encoding
|
|
- [VA-API](https://01.org/vaapi) for hardware encoding on Intel/AMD GPUs
|
|
- The Wayland community for the modern display protocol
|
|
|
|
## Links
|
|
|
|
- [Documentation](https://docs.rs/wl-webrtc) - API documentation (Rustdoc)
|
|
- [DESIGN_CN.md](DESIGN_CN.md) - Technical design document
|
|
- [config.toml.template](config.toml.template) - Configuration reference
|
|
- [examples/](examples/) - Example client applications
|